Objectives: This systematic literature review addressed the use of mandibular cortical index (MCI), assessed by panoramic radiography, for the identification of postmenopausal females at risk of osteoporosis. Methods: Databases were searched for original research studies published from September 2010 to September 2020 using the following keywords: “postmenopausal osteoporosis” and synonyms combined with “panoramic radiography” and synonyms. Only English language manuscripts and studies pertaining to the MCI were selected. Results: A total of 24 studies were included. The publications were highly heterogeneous in terms of the subject of interest, i.e., the MCI, with some studies comparing the usefulness of the MCI using panoramic radiography and using cone beam computed tomography, and others comparing different radiomorphometric indexes developed for panoramic radiography. Conclusions: Based on the literature included in this systematic review, we conclude that the MCI is useful as an auxiliary tool for identifying postmenopausal females at risk of low bone mineral density (BMD), as it correlates with skeletal BMD measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Nevertheless, other radiomorphometric indexes obtained from panoramic radiographs, such as panoramic mandibular index, mental index, and mandibular cortical width, are also valuable as auxiliary tools in the identification of postmenopausal females at risk, as they also correlate with BMD. Thus, it is not possible to affirm which index is the most reliable for the identification of postmenopausal females considering the literature screened. PROSPERO registration systematic review CRD42020208152.

Purpose This study was performed to assess and describe the imaging features of 40 cases of Stafne bone defects (SBDs) on computed tomographic (CT) examinations. Materials and Methods This study collected data, including age and sex, from 40 patients with SBDs who underwent CT exams. The imaging features of the SBDs were assessed in terms of their location, average size, the relationship of their contour with the cortical plate of the lingual mandible, bone margins, degree of internal density, shape, topographic relationship between the defect and the mandibular edge, the distance from the SBD to the base of the mandible, and the Ariji classification (type I, II, and III). Results The average age was 57.3 years (range, 28–78 years), and the patients were predominantly male (70%). In all cases (100%), the posterior unilateral lingual SBD variant was observed. Within the Ariji classification, type I was the most common (60%). Among the most frequently observed radiographic characteristics were thick sclerotic bone margin across the entire defect contour, completely hypointense internal content, an oval shape, and continuity with the mandibular base with discontinuity of the mandibular edge. Conclusion This study showed that posterior SBDs could present with an oval or rounded shape, complete hypodensity, and thick sclerotic margins. Likewise, SBDs could appear almost anywhere, with minor differences from the classic SBD appearance. It is fundamental for dental practitioners to know the imaging features of SBDs, since they are diagnosed primarily based on imaging.

Objectives:The objective of this systematic literature review was to provide a complete panorama of the oral manifestations of Huntington's disease (HD). Materials and Methods:Databases were searched, and original research studies or case report manuscripts up to May 2021 were included using keywords that describe HD combined with words related to oral health; MeSH terms were used exclusively.No time or language restrictions were applied.Results: Twenty-two investigations (12 original articles and 10 case reports) regarding oral manifestations of HD were included. The subjects examined in the selected research articles were dental health, coordination of oral structures, speech, dysphagia, and swallowing alterations. The case reports described dental treatment procedures, oromandibular dyskinesia, dysphagia, and speech alterations. Conclusions:The oral manifestations of HD were found to be associated with the advance of the disease in that the more severe the HD, the worse the alterations affecting the oral cavity. Dysphagia, dysarthria, masticatory problems, oral health impairment, and choreiform movements involving the tongue and other orofacial muscles were the main manifestations of HD in the oral cavity. The PROSPERO systematic review registration number of this study is CRD42021238934.

ResumoObjetivo: avaliar e descrever a frequência de doenças orais em pacientes infectados pelo HIV por meio de radiografias panorâmicas.Material e Métodos: 27 radiografias panorâmicas foram avaliadas por 6 observadores distintos. Alterações bucais foram descritas em maxila e mandíbula considerando número de dentes perdidos, índice da cortical mandibular, presença de perda óssea horizontal e vertical, envolvimento de furca, calcificações no ligamento estiloide e seios maxilares.Resultados: O número médio de dentes perdidos foi de 7,44 na maxila e 4,96 na mandíbula. O índice da cortical mandibular médio foi 1,73. Observou-se que os pacientes infectados pelo HIV apresentam alta frequência de perda óssea alveolar horizontal em maxila (66,7%) e mandíbula (77,8%). Calcificação do ligamento estilóide parcial estava presente em 29,6% dos pacientes; a frequência de opacificação do seio maxilar foi de 66,7%.Conclusões: Concluímos que pacientes infectados pelo HIV podem apresentar frequência representativa de perda óssea horizontal e opacificação parcial dos seios maxilares, que podem ser detectadas na radiografia panorâmica.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate mandibular osteoporotic alterations in patients with HIV infection in comparison to non-HIV-infected patients using panoramic radiographs. Material and Methods: 26 HIV-infected patients and 142 non-HIV-infected patients (control group) were included in this study. Panoramic radiographs of the participants were assessed considering mandibular cortical index (MCI). Non-parametric comparisons between groups were performed, using Mann-Whitney test, at a level significance level of p= 0.05. Results: HIV-infected patients presented lower bone mineral density (BMD) at mandible, assessed by MCI in panoramic radiographs when compared to non-HIV-infected patients. The medication intake of HIV-infected patients was highly heterogeneous and could not be associated to the low BMD presented in the mandibular cortex. Conclusions:  HIV-infected patients may present lower mandibular BMD than non-HIV-infected patients.   Keywords Panoramic radiograph; osteoporosis; bone mineral density; HIV.