Magneto-ionics, understood as voltage-driven ion transport in magnetic materials, has largely relied on controlled migration of oxygen ions. Here, we demonstrate room-temperature voltage-driven nitrogen transport (i.e., nitrogen magneto-ionics) by electrolyte-gating of a CoN film. Nitrogen magneto-ionics in CoN is compared to oxygen magneto-ionics in Co3O4. Both materials are nanocrystalline (face-centered cubic structure) and show reversible voltage-driven ON-OFF ferromagnetism. In contrast to oxygen, nitrogen transport occurs uniformly creating a plane-wave-like migration front, without assistance of diffusion channels. Remarkably, nitrogen magneto-ionics requires lower threshold voltages and exhibits enhanced rates and cyclability. This is due to the lower activation energy for ion diffusion and the lower electronegativity of nitrogen compared to oxygen. These results may open new avenues in applications such as brain-inspired computing or iontronics in general.

No abstract

Electrodeposited Fe-W alloys are the subject of extensive studies to be applied in versatile engineering applications, and many solutions based on Fe(II) complexes are described for their deposition. However, in aqueous solutions containing dissolved oxygen, Fe(II) compounds are unstable thermodynamically and tend to oxidize to Fe(III) state that decreases the sustainability of the baths. The aim of the present study was to develop an environment-friendly and thermodynamically stable Fe(III)-based electrolyte for electrodeposition of Fe-W alloys with tunable composition. It was found that: (i) concurrent use of two complexing agents as citric and glycolic acids stabilizes Fe(III)-based bath in neutral and weak alkaline medium (no precipitates are formed); (ii) the current efficiency of the process can reach up to 60-70%, which has never been reported before for Fe-W alloys electrodeposition; (iii) nanocrystalline Fe-W coatings containing 11-24 at.% of W can be obtained from Fe(III)-based glycolate-citrate bath at temperature range 20-65 • C. The increase in tungsten content in the alloy resulted in decreased grain size up to < 5 nm; (iv) smooth, free of cracks and having deposition rates up to 0.18 μm/cm 1 alloys are successfully electrodeposited at elevated temperatures from elaborated glycolate-citrate electrolyte.

FeW coatings with 4, 16 and 24 at.% of W were electrodeposited under galvanostatic conditions from a new environmental friendly Fe(III)-based glycolate-citrate bath. This work aims to find correlations between composition including the light elements, internal structure of the electrodeposited Fe-Walloys and functional properties of material. The obtained alloys were characterized by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry (GD-OES), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Compositional depth profiles of 10 mm thick coatings obtained by GD-OES show that the distribution of metals is uniform along the entire film thickness, while SEM imaging depicted the presence of cracks and O-and W-rich areas inside the Fe-Wcoating with 4 at.% W. In the samples with 16 and 24 at.% of W, oxygen and hydrogen are present mostly at the surface about 1 mm from the top while traces of carbon are distributed within the entire coatings. With increasing W content, the structure of the coatings changes from nanocrystalline to amorphous which was shown by XRD and TEM analysis. Also, the surface of coatings becomes smoother and brighter, that was explained based on the local adsorption of intermediates containing iron and tungsten species. Annealing experiments coupled with XRD analysis show that the thermal stability of FeW alloys increases when the W content increases, i.e. the coating with 24 at.% W retains the amorphous structure up to 600 _C, where a partially recrystallized structure was observed. Upon recrystallization of the amorphous samples the following crystalline phases are formed: a-Fe, Fe2W, Fe3W3C, Fe6W6C, and FeWO4. Hence, the FeW coatings with higher W content (>25 at.%) can be considered as suitable material for high temperature applications. Fig. 4. Compositional depth profiles as obtained by GD-OES of FeW samples of different composition: 4 at.% of W (a), 16 at.% of W (b) and 25 at.% of W(c).

Voltage control of the magnetic properties of oxide thin films is highly appealing to enhance energy efficiency in miniaturized spintronic and magnetoelectric devices. Herein, magnetoelectric effects in electrolyte-gated nanoporous iron oxide films are investigated. Highly porous films were prepared by the evaporation-induced self-assembly of sol-gel precursors with a sacrificial block copolymer template. For comparison, films with less porosity but analogous crystallographic structure were also prepared using an identical procedure except without the polymer template. The templated (highly porous) films showed a very large magnetoelectric response with a maximum increase in magnetic moment at saturation of a factor of 13 and a noticeable (two-fold) increase of coercivity (after applying-50 V). The non-templated films also exhibited a pronounced increase of magnetic moment at saturation of a factor of 4, although the coercivity remained unaffected over the same voltage range. Magnetoelectric effects in these latter films were found to be fully reversible in the 2 voltage window ±10 V. The observed changes in magnetic properties are concluded to be magneto-ionically driven with oxygen ion exchange between the iron oxide and the liquid electrolyte, as evidenced from Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments.