No abstract

The Millennium Declaration, adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2000, set a series of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as priorities for UN member countries, committing governments to realising eight major MDGs and 18 associated targets by 2015. Progress towards these goals is being assessed by tracking a series of 48 technical indicators that have since been unanimously adopted by experts. This concept paper outlines the role member Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSSs) of the INDEPTH Network could play in monitoring progress towards achieving the MDGs. The unique qualities of the data generated by HDSSs lie in the fact that they provide an opportunity to measure or evaluate interventions longitudinally, through the long-term follow-up of defined populations.

This study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms of Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00. The contents are the responsibility of the FRONTIERS Program and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. parents/guardians. The activities were conducted for four months (September 2005-December 2006). Implementation of the intervention was followed by qualitative investigations that, using a socio-anthropological approach, were designed to gain a better understanding of the channels used by Senegalese families to address the need to provide information about adolescent reproductive health. This survey also helped identify the mechanisms of parent-child RH communication and the environment in which such communication takes place. These qualitative data was gathered through focus groups and personal testimonies. The final post-test phase of the study was an evaluation. It was conducted in December 2006-12 months after the final intervention activity. This phase focused on identifying the changes that had taken place in the community concerning parent/guardian-adolescents RH communication, specifically looking at the impact of the interventions on parent-adolescent communication and also examining whether they contributed to the emergence of any new practices and behaviors in the area of intergenerational communication. At every step of the data collection process, the research team adhered to ethical research principles. Participation in this study was voluntary. People were informed that no one was required to participate if he/she felt uncomfortable doing so. Informed Consent was obtained from each participant. Participants were fully informed of the purpose of the study and guaranteed that all information obtained would be treated confidentially and anonymously. A total of 1,293 adolescents (male and female) and 896 parent/guardians (all randomly selected at the household level) were interviewed for the baseline study. For the final survey, a total of 1,160 adolescents and 762 parents/guardians interviewed; among these, 91% of the youth and their parents were the same as baseline (See Table 1).

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Setting Drug resistance threatens tuberculosis (TB) control, particularly among HIV-infected persons. Objective We surveyed antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs from lower-income countries on prevention and management of drug-resistant TB. Design We used online questionnaires to collect program-level data in 47 ART programs in Southern Africa (14), East Africa (8), West Africa (7), Central Africa (5), Latin America (7) and Asia-Pacific (6 programs) in 2012. Patient-level data were collected on 1,002 adult TB patients seen at 40 of the participating ART programs. Results Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was available at 36 (77%) ART programs, but only used for 22% of all TB patients. Molecular drug resistance testing was available at 33 (70%) programs and used for 23% of all TB patients. Twenty ART programs (43%) provided directly observed therapy (DOT) during the whole treatment, 16 (34%) during intensive phase only and 11 (23%) did not follow DOT. Fourteen (30%) ART programs reported no access to second-line TB regimens; 18 (38%) reported TB drug shortages. Conclusions Capacity to diagnose and treat drug-resistant TB was limited across ART programs in lower income countries. DOT was not always implemented and drug supply was regularly interrupted, which may contribute to the global emergence of drug resistance.