The daily intake of trace elements through water resources and their adverse health effects is a critical issue. The purpose of this research was to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of exposure to iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in groundwater resources of Sari city, Iran. The concentrations of the trace elements in a total number of 66 samples from the groundwater sources were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The hazard index (HI) levels of exposure to the trace elements from the groundwater sources for adults, teenagers, and children were 0.65, 0.83, and 1.08, respectively. The carcinogenic risk values of Cr and As in the groundwater sources for children, teenagers, and adults were 0.0001, 0.00009, 0.00007, 0.0003, 0.0002, and 0.0001, respectively, causing a total carcinogenic risk value higher than the acceptable range, and removing Cr and As from the groundwater resources is recommended for safe community water supply.

Background & objective: Direct application of sewage sludge in agriculture has been limited due to the presence of pathogens, inappropriate fermentation of organic waste and the presence of heavy metals. Co-composting of sewage sludge with biological waste is a method to reuse waste that leads safe disposal of sludge and waste. The purpose of this study was to review the advantages of co-compost and the possibility of compost production from a mixture of sewage sludge and biological waste. Method: In this paper, various methods for the production of co-compost were also reviewed. In this paper several factors including composting process optimization, compost controlling agents, co-composting raw materials and use of sewage sludge and biological wastewater, in the preparation of compost were evaluated as well as the role of co-compost in the challenge of agricultural wastewaters. Results: The raw sludge in a compost with organic waste, along with biochemical solids (fat, protein, and cellulose), are pure in terms of process evolution, the destruction of biochemical compounds in composting materials, the potential for pathogen inactivation, nutrient retention and improved biological activity. Proper management of municipal sewage treatment, organic and biological waste produced in the agro-industry play an important role in promoting the community health and the environment. The high cost of biological waste disposal, its environmental impacts, and the many risks associated with the use of chemical fertilizers are the problems due to ignorance compost production. Conclusion: Therefore, producing compost and co-comosting should be considered to promot environmental health.

Introduction:Many people think that putting data about traffic injuries into a computer or extracting traffic related data from a hospital information system could be called a traffic injury registry. No officially approved and comprehensive traffic injury registry existed in Iran before the Ministry of Health in Iran decided to designate an Iranian traffic knowledge development trustee as the responsible organization to design and develop the comprehensive traffic injury registry. Methods: The Ministry of Health Secretary for Research jointly with Ministry of Health Secretary for Health and Treatment jointly appointed an Iranian traffic knowledge development trustee headed by Tabriz Traffic Injury Research Center to design and develop the comprehensive traffic injury registry (CTIR) as a national pilot to be implemented initially, in four provinces in northwest Iran and to be run for 4 years, before finalizing it for potential extension to other parts of the country. The health system, forensic medicine organization and traffic police of Iran are the three major sectors involved in this research. The registry is organized in 4 committees (Steering committee; Technical & Engineering committee; Methodology committee; Administrative committee) and 14 operational teams. Results: The CITIR was designed for traffic injury related data collections at five serial/parallel stations as 1: Traffic crash scene station 2-EMS transfer station 3-Emergency department station 4-Hospital ward station 5-Forensic medicine organization station. The complementary information is added from patient records to the registry server also. All the information is encrypted and linked through appropriate algorithms. The data collection staff at stations 3 and 5 are physicians and others are either emergency care technicians, nurses or non-medical staff. The data collection tools were prepared by an expert panel and followed validity and reliability assessment methodologies. Other than classical analytical methods, supervised pattern analysis methods and spatial analytical processes are applied for reporting structure. Conclusion: Partial implementation of the designed CITIR, reveals potential applicability of this registry in Iran, however, it needs to be evaluated continuously and improved in a mid-term investigation before its extended implementation.

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