Background: Occurring natural crises and lack of meticulous planning for confronting their damages and casualties can result in losing human and material resources. Moreover, it should be considered that crisis management is a kind of management in which prevention, intervention, and confrontation with the crisis are very important because these measures can decrease the detrimental impact of crises, especially at schools by saving students’ lives. Therefore, regarding the importance of the subject, this study aimed to review studies on crisis management at Iranian schools. Materials and Methods: The study took place by a systematic search using Persian and English keywords on databases like Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran to find relevant research studies conducted in Iran until October 2018. Furthermore, the lists of references were checked to find more relevant studies. Out of 575 articles, the full texts of 12 studies were considered and the results of the searching were examined independently based on inclusion and exclusion criteria by two researchers after dismissing duplicates. Finally, 4 studies were qualified to be included in this review. Results: All studies used some questionnaires for assessing the outcomes. The target population consisted of students, teachers, principals, and experts of crisis management. Among the examined articles, two studies were about earthquake crisis management, and the other two discussed crisis management at schools. The level of preparedness for confrontation with the crisis, the effectiveness of crisis management course, dimensions and components of crisis management, and the priority of effective factors for readiness to confront crises were reported in the studies. Conclusion: Findings showed that students, teachers, and principals should receive necessary training about crisis management for preventing any probable injuries to children while confronting the crisis at schools. Consequently, it is suggested that the officials take crisis management at schools into serious consideration.

The transmission pathway of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 also called COVID-19 disease) in indoor environments are the main area of contention between health systems and scientists. In this context, little has been investigated about the collection of airborne viral shedding. Here, we collected air samples from 24 locations inside the sole COVID-19 patient care center in Zabol, Iran, for screening SARS-CoV-2 RNA from March to May 2021. Locations included the ICU, COVID-19 wards (CWs) rooms, corridors, nearby nurses’ stations, and toilets. We identified the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in breathing zone of CW, in room air, with the positivity rate of 2.5% at a concentration of 17 × 10 3 virus genome copies/m 3 air. It also investigates the relationship between local climate conditions [i.e., temperature and relative humidity] and COVID-19 transmission with the evolution of daily official data on the number of new cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Current data explained that the difference of temperature and humidity may affect the behavior of virus along with other factors, i.e., population density, individual viral shedding, and infectious dose of SARS-CoV-2 (both indoor and outdoor). Our data support the potential SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission indoors suggesting the specific safety assessment of building to improve ventilation solutions besides proper using face masks and extensive public health interventions.

In this research, a miniaturized solid-phase extraction method based on pipette tip solid-phase extraction (PT-SPE) was employed for the determination of levofloxacin. Cobalt metal-organic framework (CoMOF) was used as an adsorbent. Levofloxacin was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and UV detection (HPLC-UV).  Important parameters that influence the extraction efficiency (i.e. pH, amount of adsorbent, extraction time, volumes of sample, and eluting solvent) were tested and optimized. Results indicated that the proposed method was validated over the range of 0.70 - 150.0 µg L-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) was below 2.75% for the levofloxacin. The limit of detection (LOD) of this method is 0.041 µg L-1. The preconcentration factor (PF) was obtained at 200 and the analysis time was around 10 min that confirming the reliability and accuracy of this method for extraction of levofloxacin. The PT-SPE procedure based on CoMOF adsorbent was efficiently extracted for levofloxacin more than 95%. In a static system, the adsorption capacity of CoMOF adsorbent for levofloxacin was obtained at 156.7 mg g-1 (n=10). The validation of results was successfully obtained for levofloxacin values based on the spiking real samples before determination by the HPLC technique.