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This work aim is to develop hydrophilic and biodegradable nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering based on poly (L-lactide-co-D, L-lactide) (PLDLLA) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) reinforced by phospho-calcified cellulose nanowhiskers (PCCNWs). PCCNWs with inherent hydrophilic properties enhanced the mechanical properties, hydrophilicity and hydrolytic degradation of the nanofibrous.Moreover, calcium phosphate and phosphate functional groups on the surface of PCCNWs possessing act as stimulating agents for cellular activities such as proliferation and differentiation. The Physico-chemical properties of nanofibrous samples including functional groups, contact angle, water up-take, hydrolytic degradation, and tensile properties were measured. The cytotoxicity of PLDLLA/PVA-PCCNWs nanofibrous samples was studied by MTT assay and did not show any toxicity for all nanofibrous samples. Incorporated 1 wt.% of PCCNWs into the PLDLLA/PVA nanofibrous sample showed more enzymatic activities and deposited calcium that were evaluated by Alkaline phosphatase assay (ALP), and calcium content and Alizarin red staining, respectively compared to other samples with 0, 0.1, and 0.5 wt.% of PCCNWs. The micrograph FE-SEM images of the morphology of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured on nanofibrous samples after 14 days of cell differentiation showed samples containing PCCNWs had a good potential for bone tissue engineering.

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