BackgroundMiscarriage and preterm delivery are the most important challenges of pregnancy. Different bacterial and viral infection may cause miscarriage and preterm delivery. Among bacterial factors, Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis have the most important role and human papilloma virus (HPV) is the leading viral factor in this regard.MethodsFirst void urine samples were collected from 119 pregnant women who visited health centers for routine first-trimester screening (12–14 weeks gestation). About 10 ml of the sample was centrifuged at 3000×g for 20 min and 1–2 ml of the sediment was transferred to sterile microfuges and stored at − 20 °C until analysis. DNA extraction was conducted using A101211 kits imported by Pars Tous Biotechnology Company. The following commercial kits, imported by Pars Tous Biotechnology, were used for PCR.ResultsThere is no significant association between urinary isolation of C. trachomatis and miscarriage (P = 0.93) and there is no significant association between urinary isolation of M. genitalium and miscarriage (P = 0.80). Regarding HPV, since all urine samples were PCR-negative, comparison was not possible. C. trachomatis was isolated from the urine samples of 6.72% of the pregnant women who underwent first-trimester screening in health centers using PCR. Previous studies reported a mean chlamydia isolation rate of 3% from urine specimens collected from pregnant women in general. T test showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.10). Based on present study the mycoplasma isolation rate was 17.65% using PCR. Previous studies reported a mean mycoplasma isolation rate of 10% from urine specimens collected from pregnant women in general. T-test showed a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.03).DiscussionFirst void urine samples in pregnant women may be an appropriate sample for detection of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium; however, it is not a good method for HPV isolation therefore vaginal or cervical discharge specimens should be used instead for detection of HPV.

Interleukin-8 (IL8) is the protein released by different cells. Increased of IL8 indicated the infection in any part of body so increased of IL8 in urine is indicated the urinary tract infection. Patients with spinal cord injuries have to use catheter for long time and or for all of life, and they are high risk to recurrent urinary tract infections and other infections. To determine of increasing urinary IL8 in patients with spinal cord injuries the present study is the survey of this. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected from spinal cord injury patients who admitted to "Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Centre" in Imam Hospital in duration almost one year. Urine samples were collected from 97 spinal cord injury patients included 85 male and 12 female and then were analyzed by biochemical and microscopically surveys and then, IL8 were measured in samples by ELISA method. In total 97 patients, 87 patients were IL8 positive (>10 pg/ml) and in 87 positive samples, 59 patients had bacteriuria and 54 patients had pyuria. Statistical analysis showed that the significant relationship between bacteriuria and pyuria with urinary IL8 positive patients (P<0.05). The patients with spinal cord injury need to monitor for urinary tract infection although without any symptoms of infections and sometimes. The measurement of IL8 is a fast and easy method for monitoring of urinary tract infection in these patients.

ObjectivesIntegrons are thought to play an important role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. This study investigates class 1 and 2 integron-positive methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains isolated in Iran and characterizes their patterns of antimicrobial resistance.MethodsHundred clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci were characterized for integron content and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type.ResultsSixteen isolates carried class 1 (intI1) integrons and four isolates carried class 2 (intI2) integrons. One resistance gene array was identified among the class 1 integrons (aadA1 cassette). The distribution of SCCmec types in 50 methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains showed that SCCmec types III and V dominated among the tested strains.ConclusionThis is the first report of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci strains that carry two mobile genetic elements, including class 1 and 2 integrons and SCCmec, in Iran.

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BackgroundAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), probiotics are viable microorganisms providing the human body with many benefits if consumed sufficiently (1). Probiotics are generally of human resources and known as nonpathogenic bacteria (2,3). The most common bacteria used as probiotics are driven from lactic acid bacteria family and can normally be found in dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, etc. Traditional dairies are full of such organisms. Naturally, the lactic acid bacteria are residents of the human gut and have a long history in fermentation products (4). The genus Lactobacillus bacterium, as a lactic acid bacterium, has attracted more attention than do other species of the family (5).According to the definitions of International Dairy Federation (IDF) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 2008, the lactic acid bacteria are gram-positive, immobile, non-spore forming, catalasenegative, negative nitrate reduction, and cytochrome oxidase negative. All of them have fermentative metabolism and are strongly saccharolytic. The most important lactic acid bacteria in the dairy industry belong to the Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Enterococcus species (6).Although such bacteria have many advantages for human body, they may be missing in industrially-produced dairy products, so it seems to be necessary to detect and extract such bacteria from traditional products and to utilize them in products manufactured by large industrial plants. The results of the studies conducted in this area have demonstrated that traditional dairy products contain more probiotics than do their industrially-made counterparts. As a result, it would be beneficial to add