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The rising popularity of Android and the GUI-driven nature of its apps have motivated the need for applicable automated GUI testing techniques. Although exhaustive testing of all possible combinations is the ideal upper bound in combinatorial testing, it is often infeasible, due to the combinatorial explosion of test cases. This paper presents TrimDroid, a framework for GUI testing of Android apps that uses a novel strategy to generate tests in a combinatorial, yet scalable, fashion. It is backed with automated program analysis and formally rigorous test generation engines. TrimDroid relies on program analysis to extract formal specifications. These specifications express the app's behavior (i.e., control flow between the various app screens) as well as the GUI elements and their dependencies. The dependencies among the GUI elements comprising the app are used to reduce the number of combinations with the help of a solver. Our experiments have corroborated TrimDroid's ability to achieve a comparable coverage as that possible under exhaustive GUI testing using significantly fewer test cases.

The rising popularity of mobile apps deployed on batteryconstrained devices has motivated the need for effective energy-aware testing techniques. Energy testing is generally more labor intensive and expensive than functional testing, as tests need to be executed in the deployment environment and specialized equipment needs to be used to collect energy measurements. Currently, there is a dearth of automatic mobile testing techniques that consider energy as a program property of interest. This paper presents an energy-aware test-suite minimization approach to significantly reduce the number of tests needed to effectively test the energy properties of an Android app. It relies on an energy-aware coverage criterion that indicates the degree to which energy-greedy segments of a program are tested. We describe and evaluate two complementary algorithms for test-suite minimization. Experiments over test suites provided for real-world apps have corroborated our ability to reduce the test suite size by 84% on average, while maintaining the effectiveness of test suite in revealing the great majority of energy bugs. CCS Concepts •Software and its engineering → Software defect analysis; Software testing and debugging;

a b s t r a c tThe meteoric rise of mobile software that we have witnessed in the past decade parallels a paradigm shift in its design, construction, and deployment. In particular, we argue that today's mobile software, with its rich ecosystem of apps, would have not been possible without the pioneering advances in software architecture research in the decade that preceded it. We describe the drivers that elevated software architecture to the centerpiece of contemporary mobile software. We distill the architectural principles found in Android, the predominant mobile platform with the largest market share, and trace those principles to their conception at the turn of century in software architecture literature. Finally, to better understand the extent to which Android's ecosystem of apps employs architectural concepts, we mine the reverse-engineered architecture of hundreds of Android apps in several app markets and report on those results.