One-and two-dimensional barcodes, including Quick Response (QR) codes, have become a convenient way to communicate small amounts of information from physical objects to mobile devices. While there is much discussion, awareness, and proposed use of such barcodes, both in academia and in industry, to our knowledge there has not been a systematic and in-depth analysis of the actual ecosystem surrounding these codes. To fill this gap, we analyze a log of all scans performed by users of a popular QR and barcode scanning app available for Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone. Our dataset includes over 87 million scans performed over a 10-month period from May 2013 to March 2014. We examine general use patterns of QR and barcodes in the wild and identify common and uncommon uses and misuses. We see the presence of both conventional (e.g., web) and emerging (e.g., Bitcoin) uses of QR codes, and develop an informed understanding of the types of QR codes being created and how users interact with QR and barcodes in the wild.

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Objectives Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) has a wide clinical spectrum. Despite favorable prognosis, identifying CVST patients with a possible poor functional outcome can be challenging. This study aims to establish the neurological predictors of outcome in CVST. Materials and Methods We analyzed 70 patients of CVST and categorized them into three groups: Group I with isolated intracranial hypertension; Group II—focal syndrome of neurological deficit; Group III—subacute encephalopathy. Demographic, disease characteristics, and radiological parameters were also analyzed for prediction of hospital course. Functional outcome was assessed by modified Rankin scale (mRS) dichotomized as good (mRS: 0–2) or poor outcome (mRS ≥ 3). Statistical Analysis Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to find out the independent effects of prognostic factors to be used for outcome prediction. Results The mean age was 36.71 ± 14.9 years with 40 (68.8%) males. Most common presenting complaints were headache 35 (50%), hemiparesis 14 (20%), and seizures 12 (17.4%). Group I included 44 (62.9%), group II 17 (24.3%) and group III 12 (12.9%) patients. During hospitalization 28 (40%) patients needed intensive care unit (ICU) care, among them 7 (10%) required ventilation. There were eight times more chances of ICU care (odds ratio [OR]: 7.4; 2.5–24.4) and 23 times more need for ventilation (OR: 23; 2.5–88.9) whenever patients were in group II or III. Good outcome (mRS < 2) was noted in 52 (74.2%) patients. Headache was associated with good functional outcome, whereas hemiparesis with poor outcome. Neurological grouping was the independent predictor of functional outcome; patients with focal neurological deficit (group II) were 20 times more likely to have dependent life at the time of discharge (p < 0.05) with the mortality rate of 2.9%. Conclusions Neurological grouping is a practical tool for prediction of function outcomes. Early anticipation of prognosis helps in decision-making in the clinical practice.

Objective Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) is an enigmatic clinical diagnosis which is difficult to decipher and is associated with poor outcomes. The study aims to examine the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with SBO and its outcomes. Materials and Methods Medical records of 30 patients with diagnosis of SBO over past 5 years were assessed for demographic and clinical characteristics, type of SBO, radiological parameters, treatment received, procedure performed, microbiological profile, comorbidities, and complications including cranial nerve (CN) palsies. These factors were analyzed for prediction of outcome (death or survival). Statistical Analysis Microsoft Office Excel 2010 SAS 10.0 for Windows was used. Student's t-test for continuous variables (age, duration of symptoms, number of days of hospitalization, and treatment duration) and chi-square test for categorical variables (imaging findings, symptomatology, presence of comorbidities, surgical procedure, complications, and type of antibiotics) were utilized. Results We found SBO was the disease of elderly population (64.07 ± 6.13 years) with male predominance (83.3%) highly associated with uncontrolled diabetes status (93.3%). Headache (100%) and CN palsy (80%) were the most common neurological presenting complaints followed by stroke (17%) and encephalopathy (10%). Pathological and radiological correlation showed that fungal infection (Aspergillus) was associated with anterior SBO (10%), while bacteria (Pseudomonas) was cultured from posterior SBO (30%). Fifty per cent of patients were alive after 1 year out of which 33% had good functional outcome. The mortality rate was 33.3% in our cohort and multiple lower CN palsies (p = 0.04), suboptimal duration of medical treatment (p = 0.03), surgical intervention during clinical course (p = 0.02), and development of intracranial or extracranial complications (p = 0.03) were the predictors of mortality. Conclusion Early diagnosis including identification of pathogenic organisms and optimal duration of treatment are crucial factors for improved outcomes in SBO.

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