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Abstract:The Nass River discharges into Nass Bay and Iceberg Bay, which are adjoining tidal inlets located within the northern inland waters of British Columbia, Canada. After the Skeena River, the Nass River is the second longest river within northern British Columbia, which discharges directly into Canadian waters of the Pacific Ocean. It is also supports one of the most productive salmon fisheries in northern British Columbia. The Nass River discharges into the eastern end of Nass Bay. Nass Bay, in turn feeds into Portland Canal and the fresh surface waters then flows westward to the Pacific Ocean via Dixon Entrance. The tides in Northern British Columbia are very large with a tidal height range of just over 7 m. Nass Bay is a shallow inlet of less than 10 km in length with typical water depths of than 10 m or less. The existing knowledge of oceanographic processes in Nass and Iceberg Bays was rudimentary until three years ago, when the first modern oceanographic measurements were obtained. In this study, the seasonal and tidal variability of the lateral extent of the Nass River surface plume is mapped from analyses of Landsat satellite data spanning the period from 2008 to 2015. A high resolution coupled three dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model was developed and implemented, within the widely used and accepted Delft3D modeling framework, which was forced and validated using recent 2013-2016 in-situ oceanographic measurements. The combined satellite and numerical modeling methods are used to study the physical oceanographic and sediment transport regime of Nass and Iceberg Bays and the adjoining waters of Portland Inlet and Observatory Inlet. The ocean circulation of Nass and Iceberg Bays was found to be dominated by tidal currents, and by the highly seasonal and variable Nass River freshwater discharges. Complex lateral spatial patterns in the tidal currents occur due to the opening of the southwestern side of Nass Bay onto the deeper adjoining waters of Iceberg Bay. Surface winds are limited to a secondary role in the circulation variability. The sediment dynamics of the Nass Bay system features a very prominent surface sediment plume present from the time of freshet in mid-spring through to large rainfall runoff events in the fall. The time-varying turbidity distribution and transport paths of the Nass River sediment discharges in the study area were characterized using the model results combined with an analysis of several high-resolution multi-year Landsat satellite data sets. Keywords: Nass Bay; Nass River; iceberg bay; observatory inlet; Portland Inlet; circulation; numerical model; tidal current; wind-driven current; stratification; landsat satellite; remote sensing

Abstract. The empirically derived ERS scatterometer model CMOD4 is used to examine the relationship between radar backscatter measured by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and wind speed in shallow waters. It is demonstrated that the model can be used to obtain accurate mean wind speed information from ERS SAR, using meteorological synoptic charts to provide wind direction; this approach could enable submesoscale wind variations to be monitored. Results from the wind speed analysis were used to investigate the small-scale (< 200 m) variability of the surface roughness detectable by SAR, the aim being to characterize the effects of parameters additional to the mean wind speed which contribute to the modulations of the backscatter signal. It is shown that the natural small-scale fluctuation of the SAR-derived mean wind field barely exceeds the radiometric noise limitations of the instrument. Where the small-scale variability of the calculated "apparent" wind speed was above this level, the cause could be linked to dynamic oceanographic parameters.

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