BackgroundWhile studies have reported pharmacists' perspectives of research involvement, almost all are limited by sector, have little focus on research translation and have not incorporated behaviour change theory. ObjectiveTo determine pharmacists' views and experiences of research conduct, dissemination and translation MethodsThis was an electronic cross-sectional survey of pharmacists across six Scottish health board areas. Survey items were: demographics; research activities (e.g. conduct, dissemination) in the last two years; research interests, experience and confidence in research tasks (e.g. proposal writing, data collection); and Likert statements on research conduct and dissemination, and translating research findings to practice.Conduct/dissemination and translation items were based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, and principal component analysis (PCA) of TDF items. Following determination of internal consistency, scores for each component were calculated. ResultsThe response rate was 19.4% (136/701), with 17 (12.5%) currently involved in research. Responses were more positive for interest in research than experience or confidence. PCA of research conduct/dissemination items identified three internally reliable components of support/opportunities, motivation/outcomes, and roles/characteristics. Component scores for support/opportunities to participate in research were most negative. PCA of translation items identified three internally reliable components of current practices/abilities, consequences and support. Scores for all three components were positive, being most positive for consequences of research translation.Those in secondary care, with a postgraduate qualification and prescribers scored higher for interest, experience, confidence, and for most components (p<0.05). ConclusionA minority of pharmacists are involved in the research conduct/dissemination and these are more likely to be highly qualified individuals based in secondary care. Given the need to develop and evaluate new models of pharmaceutical care, involvement should be extended to all practice settings. Study findings could be used to develop behaviour change interventions targeting individuals and organizations.

Background: Limited data exist on the facilitators and barriers to implementing electronic systems for medicines management in hospitals. Whilst numerous studies advocate system use in improved patient safety and efficiency within the health service, their rate of adoption in practice has been slow.Objective: To explore the perceptions of key stakeholders towards the facilitators and barriers to implementing electronic prescribing systems, robotic pharmacy systems, and automated medication storage and retrieval systems in public hospital settings using Normalization Process Theory as a theoretical framework.Methods: Individual face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted in three public hospitals in Ireland with 23 consenting participants: nine nurses; four pharmacists; two pharmacy technicians; six doctors; and two Information Technology managers.Results: Enhanced patient safety and efficiency in healthcare delivery emerged as key facilitators to system implementation, as well as the need to have clinical champions and a multi-disciplinary implementation team to promote engagement and cognitive participation. Key barriers included inadequate training and organisational support, and the need for ease and confidence in system use to achieve collective action.Conclusions: Many themes that are potentially transferable to other national settings have been identified and extend the evidence base. This will assist organisations around the world to better plan for implementation of medication-related eHealth systems.

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