A team leader’s request is a crucial factor for successful team interaction to ensure patient safety in emergency care. This study examines how team leaders accomplish and frame immediate requests through language use and corresponding eye-movement patterns in emergency care simulation, focusing on when the team is led by a senior doctor (SD) and when it is led by a junior doctor (JD). The team included two foundation doctors, who are in their first two years in medical practice, two emergency department (ED) nurses and one ED expert. They were recorded undertaking separate simulated operations on a simulated patient, and the team leader wore eye-tracking glasses. Interactional linguistic and multimodal analyses of video, audio and eye-movement data revealed that SD made immediate requests to the team members with multimodal emphasis – i.e., gazed at the recipients and addressed them verbally, especially when asking for recipients’ actions – while JD often used only gaze in requesting such actions. Although our study has limitations in terms of the small size of the data, the findings nevertheless highlight that the leader’s requesting was framed and ascribed in the continuum from a question to an instruction through co-construction of joint action with recipients in the social interaction.
An experiment is reported which investigates the perceptual span available to skilled readers in a single fixation. After adult readers had listened to an incomplete sentence they were presented tachistoscopically with a word which they were to name aloud. Congruency between sentence and word facilitated naming, but the presence of an unattended word in the right visual field confounded this relationship. If the unattended word was also congruent, then the naming response was further facilitated, but a congruent unattended word interfered with the naming of an incongruent attended word. This relationship did not hold for unattended words which were presented in the left visual field, and which did not appear to have been processed for meaning. An effect of an unattended word upon the naming of a fixated word suggests that skilled readers recognize the meanings of more words than are fixated. Skilled readers may use the meanings of words ahead of fixation to enrich their interpretation of the text, or use those words more simply as markers to guide future eye-movements to the location of the next useful fixation. RESUME Les effets des contraintes de contexte et des mots dktachb dans une tdche de lecture simpleOn passe en revue une exptrience qui a examint le champ visuel perceptible qui se prtsente aux lecteurs habiles dans une seule fixation des yeux.Des adultes ont ecoutt d'abord une phrase inachevte (p.e. 'Les pompiers ont Ctt appelts B la forCt pour combattre le. . .') et ont lu B haute voix un mot qu'on les a montrt tout de suite apr&s avoir lu la phrase (p.e 'incendie'). On sait dejB qu'il est 0141-0423/82/0502-89 0 1982 Journal of Research in Reading (UKRA) 89 90 G. UNDERWOOD, A. WHITFIELD AND J. WINFIELDpossible de faciliter la reconnaissance des mots en les prtsentant dans un contexte stmantique et syntactique approprit, et cet effet s'est employk dans notre exptrience pour examiner l'influence d'un mot dttacht sur la reconnaissance d'un mot fix6 par les yeux. Plusieurs questions se posaient au cours de cet examen; si un mot dttacht pouvait rtagir sur le contexte de la phrase pour aider la reconnaissance du mot fix& et si cette action rtciproque ttait provenu du fonctionnement des htmisph2res A la droite ou A la gauche du cerveau. On a prksentt le mot qu'il fallait nommer pendant 150 msec, pour simuler une courte fixation chez des lecteurs habiles, et le mot dttachk a ttk prksentt en mCme temps que le mot attacht. Le mot dttachk s'est place ou A la gauche ou A la droite du mot en phrase, et un angle visuel de trois degrts et demi a stpark le point de fixation et le premier caractere du mot dktacht. Le mot attacht ktait ou congru ou incongru par rapport A la phrase, de meme que le mot dttacht. La prksence d'un rapport direct entre la phrase et le mot a facilite son identification dans l'experience, mais la prtsence d'un mot dktachk dans le champ visuel A la droite a renversk ce rapport. Si le mot dttacht ttait aussi congru, la reconnaissance du mot en phrase s'est rendue encore plus facile, mais un mot dkt...
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