Cervical cancer is a leading global health problem and the second most common form of cancer in women living in developing countries. Despite the available methods of diagnosis and treatment, cervical cancer is still the cause of a large number of deaths among vulnerable groups of the female population, which makes further research relevant. The aim of this study was to summarize new technological developments and scientific information about proteomics, which will allow for deepening the understanding of the pathogenesis of cervical cancer and developing new methods of diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Recent achievements in the field of analytical research methods and bioinformatics provide a wide range of alternatives in the field of proteomic research. To date, proteomic analysis can be performed on almost any biological sample (tumor tissue, blood, urine, saliva, vaginal secretions). Each type of biological sample represents a potential source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential targets for therapy. The main limitation of proteomic studies aimed at finding potential biomarkers of the disease is the high variability of the results depending on the specific laboratory. There is variability in concentrations and even in the type of biomarker identified, even though research teams are working with the same samples.