At present, resistance of uropathogenic bacteria towards different antibiotics is increasing worldwide due to improper, nonspecific and uncontrolled use of antibiotics; hence the treatment of UTI becomes difficult. These resistant uropathogens are major cause of increased rate of morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to investigate frequency of causal bacterial agents of UTI and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern. The present study was conducted on total 770 urine samples from suspected patients of urinary tract infections, these samples were collected over the period of one year November 2018- October 2019 from different hospitals of Ujjain. Uropathogens were isolated and identified from collected urine sample by biochemical tests and their susceptibility pattern was studied against different antibiotics by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method.A total of 770 urine samples were collected among which 486 (63.1%) samples were tested positive for urinary tract infection in their analysis and prevalence was found higher in female patients (71.6%) as compare to male patients (28.4%). The most common isolated uropathogens were (45.6%), (27.1%), (15.6%), (7.4%) and (4.1%).These isolated uropathogens were highly susceptible to Doripenem, Meropenem, Imepenem, Gentamicin, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Vancomycin, Linezolid and Rifampin. Due to high prevalence of uropathogens and increased rate of resistance among uropathogens, continued surveillance on uropathogens and their resistance is needed for its proper treatment. So the choice of drug for the treatment of urinary tract infections becomes narrow and its treatment is based on local antimicrobial sensitivity of uropathogens to prevent treatment failure and misuse of antibiotics.

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI’s) define a condition in which urinary tract is infected with a pathogen causing inflammation. Urinary tract infections are one of the most prevalent infections affecting people of all age group from neonates to adults and are major cause of morbidity and several disorders in patients. In serious cases urinary tract infection lead to kidney failure, septicemia, bacterial endocarditis, prostatitis and infertility. Aim: The objective of this work was to the study the prevalence of urinary tract infections among patients of Ujjain and to identify prominent bacterial pathogens responsible for causing UTI. Methods: A total of 500 urine samples were collected aseptically and cultured on Blood agar and Mac’conkey agar. The bacterial isolates were identified based on their colony morphological characteristics, Gram stain reaction and their biochemical tests. Result: After overnight incubation a total of 307 out of 500 patients tested positive for UTI suggesting that (61%) of patients suffered from UTI infections. It was seen that (89%) of bacterial isolates causing UTI were Gram negative and (11%) were Gram positive. The identification of pathogens indicated that E. coli is most prevalent uropathogen followed by K. pneumonae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus and P.vulgaris. Conclusion: The study shows that prevalence of UTI is higher in females as compared to males. It was also been seen that UTI infections were prevalent in urban as well as in rural patients, however, the incidence of infection was slightly high in urban patients. This study is important as constant survey and identification of uropathogens is essential for effective treatment of UTI.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial disease found in all age groups and has become a major health problem in developing countries. UTI’s are treated with various antibiotics but extensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics promotes the development of antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic bacteria and also responsible for emerging multidrug resistant strains. The development of drug resistance among uropathogens made treatment of UTI is difficult which has led to the search of new source of antimicrobial agent that act against these uropathogenic bacteria. The ethnomedicinal plants are natural resource and known as traditional healer, which can use for successful therapy of various infectious diseases. In present study, we observed antibacterial potential of methanolic root extract of two medicinal plants and against urinary tract infection causing uropathogens. For this 120 urine samples of suspected patients were collected from different hospitals of Ujjain and processed in SRL laboratory Ujjain Center. It was seen that 72 samples were positive and showing significant bacteriuria and prevalence of UTI was 60%. The major causal bacterial agent was , and and their frequency of occurrence was 37.5%, 25%, 15.2%, 13.8% and 9.7%. The antibacterial effect of methanolic plant extracts of both and was determined against isolated uropathogens by disc diffusion method. The effectiveness of both and was observed and it was found that they have effective antibacterial activity against uropathogens so they can be used as alternative drug against uropathogens.

Urinarytract infection is one of the most prevalent frequently found disorders in pregnant women caused by bacteria and if it is not diagnosed then untreated UTI can causes serious maternal and fetal complications. The purpose of this work was to study the prevalence of urinary tract infection among pregnant women of Ujjain and to identify uropatogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in pregnant women of Ujjain. A total of 120 midstream urine samples of pregnant women were collected aseptically and cultured on different growth media. The isolated bacteria were identified by standard microbiological procedure and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was recorded using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of 120 urine samples, 78 samples tested positive for UTI suggesting that (65%) of pregnant women suffered from UTI and most prevalent bacterial pathogen was (41.0%) followed by (23.0%), (11.5%), (14.1%) and (10.2%). Majority of the isolated uropathogens were showing high sensitivity towards Doripenem, Meropenem and Imipenem while very less sensitivity towards Ampicillin and Penicillin. The study shows high prevalence of UTI among pregnant women and occurrence of high resistance towards antibiotics. So routine screening of the pregnant women having UTI and proper selection of antibiotic for treatment is needed for reducing the risk of serious complications during pregnancy.

Municipal solid waste management is an important problem faced by all the developing cities. In most of the cities, municipal solid waste collected from different areas of the city is dumped into the dumping grounds where it is incinerated, used for landfill or left on the ground for self-degradation. In this study soil samples were collected from waste dumping site in Ujjain and 63 bacterial cultures were isolated and identified using serial dilution method. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of cultures was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test. The results show that Pseudomonas is the most important bacterial genus present here followed by Bacillus and Enterobacter. It was also seen that about 52 % of bacteria isolated from this site were antibiotic resistant and about 33 % of cultures were resistant to more than one antibiotic. This represents a potential risk to public health; hence, efforts should be made to speed up the process of waste degradation in dumping grounds.