In recent years, outbreaks of equine influenza are reported in several countries in the world particulary in Africa. This study is designed to assess the potential risk factors associated with equine influenza virus infection in donkeys in Senegal. The study consists in comparing, depending on the exposure to risk factors, a batch of donkeys infected with the equine influenza virus to another batch of donkeys not infected with the virus during the epizootic of March 2019 which affected the department of Foundiougne. The study reveals that the spread of the equine influenza virus in Foundiougne is associated with the lack of access to veterinary care and infected donkeys were exposed in a ratio of 2 times (95% CI: 1.38; 4.71) more than donkeys unharmed. The wandering of donkeys is also linked with the disease. The indicator reflecting the strength of the relationship, the Odds Ratio is 2.06 (95% CI: 1.10; 3.87). However, the results indicate that attendance at rural markets (Odds Ratio = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.44; 1.82), young age (Odds Ratio = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.52, 1.55) and female sex (Odds Ratio = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.57; 1, 66) do not appear to be related to the spread of the disease. At present, in Senegal, control focused on sensitizing and informing donkey owners on the sanitary management and rational use of donkeys is essential for their well-being.

Urethral stones, or urolithiasis, is a pathologic and condition which is still a frequent problematic issue in the clinic, especially for itsrecurrence. This condition appears mostly in productive-age groups leading to affect their productivity. By stone analysis, the type andthe composition of concretes could be identified, so that the handling of patients could be arranged and its recurrence could be prevented.The study was carried to find out the distribution of urethral stone composition according to age and sex groups. A cross-sectional studyby means of medical records of 199 patients with urethral stone admitted to Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital was carried out duringMay 2002 to May 2004. Analysis was conducted microscopically and macroscopically by colorimetric and titrimetry. Urethral stoneswere found more in men 79.9% (159 of 199) than in women 20.1% (40 of 199). The peak prevalence of age between 31 to 45 yearswere 71.35%, the eldest being 86 years while the youngest was 2 years. The mostly found composition of calcium-oxalate was 87.4%,brushitt was 45.2%, and uric acid was 32.2%. The prevalence of urethral stones was still high, mostly found in 31 to 45 years of agegroup, affecting more men than women, and calcium oxalate showed the highest frequency.

RESUMEAu Sénégal, la maladie de Gumboro constitue un véritable obstacle pour le développement de l'aviculture semi-intensive. Une étude épidémiologique portant sur cette affection dans les exploitations semiintensives a été conduite en décembre 2015 dans les régions de Dakar et Thiès. Elle a consisté à évaluer l'association entre des facteurs de risque et l'apparition de la maladie. Pour cela, les gestionnaires de 56 exploitations infectées et 112 indemnes ont constitué les cibles de cette enquête. Les foyers étaient suspectés sur la base des manifestations cliniques et confirmés par la détection du virus avec la RT-PCR. Ainsi, les résultats indiquent une faible liaison entre la présence d'oiseaux domestiques ou sauvages et l'apparition de la maladie (Odds Ratio = 1,44). Par contre, la présence de rongeurs (Odds = 22), la gestion des cadavres (Odds Ratio = 7,56) et l'accès des personnes étrangères (Odds Ratio = 4,47) sont fortement liés à l'apparition de la maladie. La sensibilisation sur la gestion des poulets infectés et morts contribuerait à limiter la dissémination du virus et les pertes attribuables à la maladie. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés : Epidémiologie, facteurs de risque, Odds Ratio, Sénégal, Maladie de Gumboro. Risk factors related to the appearance of Gumboro disease in semi-intensive poultry farms in Senegal ABSTRACTIn Senegal, Gumboro disease is a real obstacle to the development of semi-intensive poultry farming. An epidemiological study of this disease in semi-intensive poultry farms was carried out in December 2015 in the regions of Dakar and Thiès. The study consisted to assess the association between risk factors at the onset of the disease. To do so, 56 chicken coop managers of infected farms and 112 disease-free farms were targeted for the survey. The outbreaks of infectious bursal disease virus were suspected on the basis of the clinical manifestations, and confirmed by the detection of virus with RT-PCR. Thus, the results indicated that a weak linkage between the presence of domestic or wild birds and the onset of the disease (Odds Ratio = 1.44). On the other hand, the presence of rodents (Odds = 22), cadaver management (Odds Ratio = 7.56) and the access of A. BADJI et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 11(4): 1551-1558, 2017 1552 foreign people in the farm (Odds Ratio = 4.47) are strongly related to the onset of Gumboro disease. Sensitization on the management of infected and dead chickens would help to limit the spread of the virus and the losses attributable to the disease.

In recent years very virulent (VV) IBDV strains and classical (CV)IBDV

Au Sénégal, des foyers de la maladie de Gumboro sont souvent observés dans les élevages où elle provoque des pertes économiques importantes. Une étude portant sur cette maladie dans les élevages avicoles semi-intensifs de la région de Dakar a été conduite. Elle a consisté à identifier sur le plan moléculaire les souches circulant et à étudier les liens de parenté génétique qui existent entre les souches sénégalaises et celles étrangères en vue de mieux réadapter les stratégies de lutte. Pour cela, la région hypervariable du génome viral codant pour le « domaine variable de la protéine VP2 » a été séquencée. Les séquences d'acides nucléidiques et aminés comparées à des séquences publiées sur la base de données de GenBank. Ainsi, les résultats indiquent une forte prévalence des souches « hypervirulentes ». Toutes les huit souches étudiées appartiennent au génotype des souches « hypervirulentes ». Parmi ces souches, une est classée dans le sous-génotype VV3 et les autres dans VV2. Les souches de ce sous-génotype sont très proches des souches nigérianes et constituent avec des souches tanzaniennes, zambiennes et éthiopiennes la lignée africaine VV2. Toutefois, des investigations portant sur le segment B permettraient d'apporter plus de précisions sur l'origine des souches qui circulent à Dakar.