Introduction: Type I Diabetes Mellitus is a common, chronic, metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycaemia as a cardinal biochemical feature. Patients with diabetes mellitus face an increased risk of morbidity and mortality due to micro and macrovascular complications caused by diabetes. There is lack of Indian studies on diabetic children. Hence this study was undertaken to know glycaemic control and related complications in type I diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: This is a Prospective study conducted in Diabetic Clinic at Indira Gandhi institute of Child Health, Bengaluru for 1 year. Study group had 34 diabetic children; they were followed up for period of one year to assess glycaemic control and complications of the disease. Results: 34 children were followed up for a period of one year to study glycaemic control and related complications. Glycaemic control was assessed using HbA1c. Seven children had good and 27 had poor glycaemic control. Factors associated with poor glycemic control were analyzed. Age at onset of the disease more than 12, duration of disease more than 5 years, female children in pre-pubertal age were associated with poor control. Children were followed up for development of complications. 4 children presented with DKA (11.76%), 12 had hypoglycaemia (35.29%). Conclusion: Poor glycaemic control was associated with longer duration of disease, female sex and disease being diagnosed in pubertal period.

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is one of the most common causes of childhood community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and common cause of mortality and morbidity in young children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is promising with higher specificity and superior sensitivity to that of culture or single point serology. Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of MPP, and to compare the efficacy of PCR and immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of MPP among CAP in children. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in children between 2 months and 12 years of age admitted with clinical and radiological features of pneumonia. The children were presumed clinically to have MP infection as per IAP guidelines when they had a cough and fever for more than 5 days. A predesigned proforma was used to collect history and clinical examination findings. Routine investigations such as complete blood count, C-reactive protein, chest X-ray, and blood culture were done. Those suspected of infection with MP infection were further subjected to PCR and IgM ELISA. Results: MP(27%) was found to be an important cause of CAP in children between 2 and 8 years. The most common clinical symptoms were cough and fever (100%) followed by myalgia (20.8%), arthralgia (16.6%), and rashes (12.5%). PCR is the rapid reliable diagnostic test with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93%. IgM ELISA is equally effective diagnostic test with sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 100%. Conclusion: MP is an emerging cause of CAP in school going as well as preschool children. Although PCR is an alternative test of culture, use of simple test like IgM ELISA will reduce the cost of investigation and help us in arriving at definitive diagnosis of MP.

Background: Adolescents are the future citizens of a country, and it is imperative to systematically address their needs. The prevalence of abuse including physical and sexual, by these adolescents as well as against them, have been increased. Objective: The study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of abuse including physical, substance, and sexual abuse in adolescents of Bengaluru urban. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted among the adolescents aged 10-19 years in Bengaluru. A pretestedself-designed semi-structured questionnaire which included demographic profile and details of the substance abuse (physical and sexual abuse), juvenile delinquency was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: A total of 303 adolescents were enrolled during the study period, out of which 167 adolescents were from school and 136 adolescents from the slum. Most children (54.1%) belonged to the age group of 14-16 years. Smoking (48.5%) was the most common form of abuse among the parents. The most commonsubstance abuse seen among children was smoking (30%). Majority were involved in violence with other adolescents (71%). Sexual abuse was seen more in slum children as compared to school children. Substance abuse among children was mostly influenced by friends in 70 (40.7%) cases. Conclusion: Substance abuse was common in male slum adolescents for which peer pressure and curiosity were the main influences. More than one-quarter of slum adolescents reported physical abuse while sexual abuse was more commonly reported in female slum adolescents.

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