In this paper, we demonstrate that the behavior of a set of eight large-sized negatively solvatochromic pyridinium N-phenolate betaine dyes reflects the principle transformations, occurring in aqueous micellar solutions of three cationic surfactants. As surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), n-octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC), and N-cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) were used. Normally, for such probes coupled with micelles, a red shift of the vis absorption band is expected as a result of a hydrophobization ("drying") of the micellar interface. However, under addition of electrolytes with anions such as tosylate, salicylate, and some n-alkanesulfonates or n-alkanecarboxylates to the micellar solutions, an unexpected effect was observed. Instead of a red shift, a blue shift of the vis absorption band of some of the dissolved betaine dyes was registered, as compared with the spectrum measured in pure aqueous micellar solutions of CTAB, OTAC, or CPB (Deltalambda(max) up to ca. 80 nm). This blue shift, indicating an increase in the polarity of the dye microenvironment, is explained by displacing the large dye dipoles from the thinned micelles toward the aqueous phase. The effect is well expressed at concentrations of C(betaine dye) approximately 10(-5) M, C(cationic surfactant) approximately 0.001 M, and C(organic anion) approximately 0.01 M. Transmission electron microscopy of dried samples confirms the distinct changes occurring in the studied micellar systems upon the addition of organic anions. The excess of inorganic salts [C(NaBr, KBr, or KCl) = 0.5-4.0 M] restored the position of the vis absorption band or even shifted it toward the red. Moreover, some of the betaine dyes studied (i.e., the more hydrophobic ones) stay in the micellar pseudophase or precipitate under the aforementioned concentration conditions. The peculiarities of the behavior of these betaine dyes are in agreement with their molecular structure.

The studies based on auto-epistemic logic are pointed out as an advanced direction for development of artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence is taken as a system that imitates the solution of complicated problems by human during the course of life. The structure of symbols and operations, by which intellectual solution is performed, as well as searching the strategic reference points for those solutions, which are caused by certain structures of symbols and operations, – are considered among the main issues in analysis of AI and its applications. Expert systems are interpreted as a kind of intelligent systems; different ways to represent knowledge (such as logical model, frame-based and production systems, semantic networks) are described within the framework of cognitive studies of AI. The presentation of knowledge is stated to be the methodology for modeling and formalization of conceptual knowledge in the field of engineering

The article analyzes the nature of knowledge society. Research opportunities of instrumental reason (M.Horkheimer) and communicative reason (J.Habermas) concepts are compared. Theories of postindustrial society, information society and knowledge society are compared. The article denotes the idea that society transformation projects are the process of expansion of information and communication technologies due to the new role of information and knowledge. Typology of society is presented as defined by the ratio of science and technology. The nature of technoscience is disclosed. Knowledge and information are interpreted as strategic resources of knowledge society. The role of science in the formation of human life and world is developed

The authors examine the role of interdisciplinary competences in the development of higher education on the basis of the analysis of their integrative nature, nature and characteristics. The role of monitoring and indicators in the assessment of students’ knowledge obtained through the use of interdisciplinary competences is revealed. The importance of interdisciplinary models by identifying the stages of implementation of practice-oriented communicative approach in teaching is exposed. The problems of interdisciplinary competences are discussed in the context of forming tolerance and minimizing risk-taking in society. Against the backdrop of youth's problems the issue of educational reform is put forward and solved from the perspective of interdisciplinary, systematic, integrity. In the authors’ opinion, the formation of multi-disciplinary competencies, which would have formed the basis of social tolerance, is relevant to present day

The article studies the substantiation of the changes in the Classical University when its liberal model is transforming into the pragmatic model in modern knowledge society. The content of pragmatic model (commercialization of knowledge, education market, competitions) is against its classical model. Therefore, there is a need to clarify the criteria of the Classical University. The corporate culture is considered as its new criterion. The corporate culture aimed towards shaping of the professional and the person who is relevant to the modern knowledge society. Therefore, the modern Research University continues the traditional Idea of the Classical University in conditions of information (knowledge) society. Secondly, new strategy for the management of education in the Research University is the knowledge management. Thirdly, the corporate culture of the Research University can join complementarily the classical criteria of University and modern orientation to the market and commercialization of education. The specific content of the corporate culture as a new criterion of the University is relevant to the conditions of information or knowledge society. The corporate culture of the Research University provides not only competitiveness of professional, but also in its spiritual and moral characteristics