Topicality. The relevance of this topic is determined by the study of problematic issues related to the optimization of the activities of national state authorities in the conditions of martial law. The purpose of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the constitutional and legal regulation of the functioning of the public power mechanism of European states in the conditions of martial law based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific works and constitutional and legal acts regarding the content of special legal regimes that are introduced during crisis situations. Research methods. To achieve the specified goal, a set of methods was used: dialectical (for the objectivity and comprehensiveness of knowledge of state-legal phenomena in foreign countries, taking into account various factors, in development), systemic approach (when considering public authorities as a whole ordered system), formal-legal method (for establishing the content of legal norms and analyzing the practice of their application) and others. The comparative legal method was used as the leading method (to compare the legal and organizational aspects of the functioning of authorities and to develop practical recommendations for improving the activities of public authorities in Ukraine). Results. The constitutional and legal norms regulating the special legal regime (in particular, the martial law regime) in European countries are analyzed, and the key features of the mechanism of public power functioning in emergency conditions are highlighted. It is emphasized that the study of European experience is relevant and appropriate from the point of view of possible further implementation in national legislation. It is noted that special legal regimes are introduced when a certain situation of an extraordinary nature arises in the state, threatening the development of the state and society, the rights and freedoms of citizens. The constitutional and legal institution of the emergency regime is a system of legal norms that establish the grounds and procedure for its introduction, the state authority authorized to introduce it. A special mode of activity of state authorities and local self-governments, enterprises, institutions and organizations is also established. The limits of the special legal regime in time and space are fixed. In the states, temporary changes in the demarcation of competence between the authorities of different levels are usually foreseen. As a rule, executive authorities are temporarily granted certain powers that normally belong to the legislative body, on a clear legal basis. Four variants of implementation of the procedure for the introduction of special legal regimes (in particular, martial law) in the practice of European states are distinguished, which are differed by the degree of involvement of the parliament. The significance of the results. The possible ways and methods of optimizing the activities of the higher state authorities of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law are proposed.

Transplant tourism is a negative consequence of the globalization of society. Trafficking in human organs has reached all countries and threatens their security. This international problem requires a response from states, their legislative institutions and international organizations. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive study and systematization of the norms of international law and national legislation, which determine the legal regime of the circulation of human anatomical materials, as well as the identification of shortcomings in the criminal-legal protection of the field of transplantology in Ukraine and the search for ways to improve domestic criminal legislation in the context of the European integration of our country. Various research methods were used to achieve this goal. In particular, the elements and features of the composition of criminal offenses of the current legislation and the relevant novels were analysed using the dialectical method of cognition. Thanks to the use of the historical method, a number of international legal acts have been established that prohibit the trade in human organs. The dogmatic method made it possible to reveal the actual content of legal norms that regulate the circulation of human anatomical materials. The system-structural method was used during the study of normative legal acts of a universal, regional and national nature. Using the comparative legal method, norms of international law and national legislation of Ukraine in the field of transplantology were compared. The paper proves that the most important international legal standard dedicated to the fight against the illegal circulation of human anatomical materials is the Council of Europe Convention against Trafficking in Organs, which provides for criminal law prohibitions that must be implemented by the participating states in their national legislation. All conventional prohibitions are combined into four related groups and compared with criminal offenses provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Novels of the draft criminal law, which provide for responsibility for illegal transplantation, trafficking in human organs and other illegal circulation of human anatomical materials, were also studied. A comprehensive analysis of the legal regime in the field of transplantology gave grounds for the conclusion of the need to ratify the Council of Europe Convention against trafficking in human organs on the way to the European integration of Ukraine. The research also established that some conventional prohibitions in the field of transplantology are at the same time types of corruption offenses, which are provided for in the current Criminal Code. This indicates the further need for a detailed analysis of such norms, establishing their features, interrelationship and correlation with the relevant provisions of the legislation of Ukraine.

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The article analyzes the basic principles of regionalization in European countries and highlights the key features of the mechanism of functioning of public authorities in the context of regionalization. The European experience convincingly shows that an effective decentralized system of territorial organization of public power and administration is an integral part of a modern democratic state governed by the rule of law. The institutional basis for such a system is effective local government and balanced regional development. Decentralization and regionalization are interconnected: regionalization cannot occur without decentralization. Regionalization is, in fact, decentralization, taking into account the regional characteristics of the state. Based on the principle of division of powers, for each democratic state it is necessary to delineate the competence of public authorities. In turn, it is extremely important to determine the optimal level of concentration of power powers for each institutional link in the public power system - with the subsequent transfer of “excess” powers to the subjects as close as possible to the population, that is, their decentralization. Regionalization means a way of defining and delimiting tasks and functions, in which most of them are transferred from the level of central bodies to a lower level and become their own tasks and powers of lower-level bodies, in particular, regions. Governance at the local level and in local affairs can be carried out in two ways: both by officials of the state apparatus appointed “from above”, functioning “on the ground” (officials of state authorities), and by local governments and other entities authorized by the state. It can also be noted that the share of administrative activities is assigned to regional bodies or other state-authorized entities. This decentralization of power in the state contributes to the development of democracy, because there is an expansion of the influence of territorial communities, social groups and the public on the implementation of public functions of government in order to optimally meet the diverse needs of the population. Regionalization is associated with the process of redistribution of public power resources (including power) between different levels and centers of public power in two directions: from the state to its internal formation (autonomies, subjects of the federation), and also from the state to cross-border structures and international centers public authorities (trans-European regions, international organizations, transnational corporations). Regionalism should be understood as an interconnected political and economic system that ensures the special status of regional entities in the political system of the state, the participation of regions in the implementation of state power, European integration and international relations, their relative economic and fiscal independence in a unitary and/or federal state. Regionalism is also expressed in policies that stimulate the endowing the regions with a certain degree of political independence. Regionalism is associated with the desire and movement of regions towards freedom of self-government, preservation and respect of their traditional culture and peculiar institutions.