The contention that cattle are held as a store of wealth in Swaziland is supported by a regression analysis of slaughter against price and rainfall, and by an examination of the Swazi herd structure. The failure to recognize that cattle directly satisfy both wealth and income motives in traditional societies has led to the implementation of production‐oriented livestock development programs, which may worsen the serious overgrazing problem in Swaziland. Observations elsewhere indicate that there are lessons to be learned for livestock development in other overgrazed parts of eastern and southern Africa.
Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) and Local Strategic Partnerships (LSPs) are being asked to assess local health inequalities in order to prioritize local action, to set local targets for reducing levels of health inequality locally and to demonstrate measurable progress. Despite this, little guidance has been provided on how to quantify health inequalities within PCTs and LSPs. This paper advocates the use of a metric, the slope index of inequality, which provides a consistent measure of health inequalities across local populations. The metric can be presented as a relative gap, which is easily understood and enables levels of inequality to be compared between health conditions, lifestyles and rates of service provision at any one time, or across different time periods. The metric is applied to Sunderland Teaching PCT, using routine data sources. Examples of the results and their uses are presented. It is suggested that more widespread use of the metric could enable levels of health inequalities to be compared across PCTs and lead to the development of local health inequality and inequity benchmarks.
The UK, like many other countries, is trying to reduce health inequality. Current targets, however, could end up improving the health of the richest fastest
This article presents a method for taking uncertainty into account when representing the production decisions of near‐subsistence farmers. The main assumption is that farmers maximise expected income subject to meeting yearly subsistence requirements in adverse conditions. A game theoretic criterion is employed to minimise the cost of securing subsistence requirements under uncertainty. The results of incorporating the formulation into a linear programming model of peasant farming in South East Ghana indicate that the assumption made as to farmers' objectives are valid for the situation studied and it is suggested that farmer behaviour observed elsewhere in Africa may be explained in similar terms. Résumé PRISE EN COMPTE DE L'INCERTITUDE DANS LES PRISES DE DÉCISION: UN MODÈLE DE PROGRAMMATION LINEAIRE DU COMPORTEMENT DU PAYSAN AGRICULTEUR Cet article présente une méthode pour prendre en compte les risques d'incertitude dans la représentation des décisions de production des agriculteurs de quasi subsistance; le postulat principal est que les agriculteurs maximisent les recettes attendues pourvu que soient satisfaits les besoins annuels de subsistance dans des conditions adverses. Un critère de théorie des jeux est employé pour minimiser le coût de la satisfaction assurée des besoins de subsistance dans des conditions d'incertitude. Les résultats de l'insertion de la formulation dans un modéle de programmation linéaire de l'exploitation agricole paysanne dans le sud‐est du Ghana indiquent que les hypothèses faites quant aux objectifs des agriculteurs sont valables pour la situation étudiée, et les conclusions de l'étude laissent penser que le comportement des agriculteurs observé ailleurs en Afrique peut s'expliquer dans des termes analogues. Zusammenfassung DAS ENTSCHEIDUNGSVERFAHREN BEI UNGEWISSHEIT: EIN MODELL MIT LINEARER PROGRAMMIERUNG ÜBER DAS VERHALTEN DER LANDBEVÖLKERUNG Dieser Artikel stellt eine Methode dar, Ungewissheiten zu berücksichtigen, wenn Produktionsentscheidungen durch Bauern getroffen werden, die an der Existenzgrenze leben. Die Hauptannahme ist, dass Bauern ein grösstmögliches Einkommen erwarten, vorausgesetzt, dass bei ungünstigen Verhältnissen die jährlichen Bedürfnisse erfüllt werden. Ein Spieltheoriekriterium wird eingesetzt, um die Anschaffungskosten von Lebensnotwendigkeiten bei Ungewissheit auf ein Mindestmass zu verringern. Die Ergebnisse, die bei der Aufnahme der Formulierung in ein Modell mit linearer Programmierung der durch Bauern in Südostghana betriebenen Landwirtschaft entstehen, weisen darauf hin, dass die Annahme bezüglich Ziele der Bauern in der beobachteten Situation wohlbegründet ist. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass das Verhalten der Landbevölkerung, das anderswo in Afrika beobachtet wurde, in ähnlicher Weise beschrieben werden könnte.
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