Previous organizational climate research, definitions, and measurement approaches are reviewed and differentiated into 3 categories: a multiple measurement-organizational attribute approach, a perceptual measurement-organizational attribute approach, and a perceptual measurement-individual attribute approach. Similarities and differences between these approaches are discussed in an attempt to address a number of theoretical and psychometric concerns. A major focus is the extent to which organizational climate duplicates other organizational and individual domains. Recommendations for future research include a rationale for differentiating between organizational climate and psychological or individual climate, and an emphasis upon the distinction between level of measurement and level of explanation as related to future definitions of climate. (52 ref)

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Three types of supervisor-subordinate similarity were identified: (a) perceived similarity, perceptions of how similar the supervisor and subordinate are; (b) perceptual congruence, similarity of perceptions about behaviors important in receiving a high merit pay raise; and (c) actual similarity of individual characteristics. The relation(s) among the types of similarity and of each type with various employee outcomes were examined. Results supported the distinctions among types. Each type was related to subordinate performance. Results were less consistent for job satisfaction and pay ratings. Perceived similarity yielded the strongest relation with the dependent variables. The findings also suggest that similarity affects evaluations not only through bias, but also partly because of differences in supervisor-subordinate interactions. Numerous studies have identified factors that affect performance ratings. One such factor is supervisor-subordinate similarity (Landy & Farr, 1980). The present study explores possible effects of three types of similarity: (a) perceived similarity between the evaluator and another person, (b) similarity of supervisor and subordinate perceptions about aspects of the work environment, and (c) actual or demographic similarity. In research on perceived similarity it has generally been assumed that a person who is perceived as similar to the evaluator is more attractive, so that decisions and evaluations regarding that person are biased positively (Byrne, 196 l; Byrne, Young, & Griffitt, 1966). Experimental manipulations of similarity have generally supported this assumption. Persons seen as similar in attitudes and background were treated and evaluated more favorably than were those seen as dissimilar (

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