Injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) often lead to severe neurological dysfunction and even death. However, there are still no effective measures to improve functional recovery following CNS injuries. Optogenetics, an ideal method to modulate neural activity, has shown various advantages in controlling neural circuits, promoting neural remapping, and improving cell survival. In particular, the emerging technique of optogenetics has exhibited promising therapeutic methods for CNS injuries. In this review, we introduce the light-sensitive proteins and light stimulation system that are important components of optogenetic technology in detail and summarize the development trends. In addition, we construct a comprehensive picture of the current application of optogenetics in CNS injuries and highlight recent advances for the treatment and functional recovery of neurological deficits. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic challenges and prospective uses of optogenetics therapy by photostimulation/photoinhibition modalities that would be suitable for clinical applications.

Objective: Biochemical remission rates of endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) and its associated predictive factors were evaluated in patients with somatotrophin pituitary adenomas. Methods: The patients who underwent EETS in Jinling Hospital were identified between 2011 and 2020. The surgeons’ experience, preoperative insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), basal growth hormone (GH) levels, nadir GH levels and the tumor characteristics were analyzed for their relationships with endocrine outcomes. The 98 patients were included for single factor analysis and regression analysis. They were divided into 3 groups according to the admission chronologic order. Results: The overall remission rate of the patients was 57% (56/98) for all the patients over ten years. In the single factor analysis, we found that the tumor size, cavernous invasion and sellar invasion were valuable to predict the endocrine outcome after surgery. As for the suprasellar invasion, no significant difference was found between the non-invasive group and the invasive group. The preoperative IGF1 level (P=0.166), basal GH level (P=0.001) and nadir GH level (P=0.004) were also different between the remission group and the non-remission group in the single factor analysis. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the preoperative nadir GH (odds ratio [OR]=0.930, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.891-0.972, p=0.001) was a significant predictor for the endocrine outcomes after surgery.

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