No abstract

The ecosystem services provided by forests are under threat as wildfire frequency and severity increase throughout the western US. Severe wildfire can change physical environments and biogeochemical processes in watersheds with lasting effects on watershed nutrient cycling. For example, nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) export often increases following wildfire and can remain elevated for decades in severely burned watersheds. In this study, we investigated the effects of wildfire on stream biotic processing and watershed nutrient balance following two wildfires that burned along the Colorado Front Range. We evaluated stream water chemistry, nutrient limitation, benthic biomass, and stream metabolism along stream reaches within three burned and three unburned watersheds from July 26 to August 16, 2017. Although the two high-severity wildfires occurred 5 and 15 years prior to the study, the streams draining burned watersheds still had 23-times higher NO 3 -N concentrations than unburned watersheds, a trend that is consistent across seasons and throughout the 15-year post-fire record. Autotrophic nitrogen (N) limitation was reduced in the nitrate-rich burned streams. Consequently, autotrophic biomass and primary productivity were 2.5 and 20-times greater, respectively, in burned relative to unburned streams. Together, these data suggest that N supply from burned uplands exceeded the increase in stream N demand and was the primary cause of chronic, elevated NO 3 -N export from these severely burned watersheds. Accordingly, aquatic ecosystems within or downstream of burned watersheds may be susceptible to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms until vegetation recovery and plant nutrient demand reduce N supply to streams. Plain Language SummaryIncreasing wildfire severity and frequency can alter aquatic ecosystems. Severe wildfire kills vegetation which reduces plant nitrogen demand and increases nitrogen transport from soils to streams. This is a concern for clean drinking water as excess nitrogen can cause harmful algal blooms and complicate water treatment. This research focused on nitrate, a dissolved form of nitrogen that is transported with subsurface water from hillslopes to streams. Stream nitrate concentrations often increase after wildfire and can remain high for decades. To better understand what processes may contribute to elevated post-fire nitrate, we compared the amount and activity of algae and bacteria living in streams within burned and unburned watersheds. Burned streams had 2.5-times more algae and those algae were 20-times more productive than in the unburned streams. Although the higher algal growth in burned streams would consume substantial nitrogen, stream nitrate was 23-times higher in burned relative to unburned streams. This suggests that nitrate supply from burned hillslopes exceeded the demands of stream biota in post-fire landscapes. Our findings suggest that stream biota may partially reduce post-fire stream nitrate concentrations, while also highlighting the importance of terrestrial vegeta...

Forested watersheds provide many ecosystem services, such as the filtration of sediment, pollutants, and nutrients, which are increasingly threatened by wildfire. For example, stream nutrient concentrations often increase following wildfire and can remain elevated for decades, making downstream waters susceptible to eutrophication. We investigated the drivers of persistent elevated stream nutrients, specifically nitrate (NO 3 À ), in nine watersheds that were burned 16 years prior by the Hayman fire, Colorado, USA. We evaluated the ability of multiple linear regression and spatial stream network modeling approaches to predict observed concentrations of the biologically active solute NO 3 À and the conservative solute sodium (Na + ) which serves as a partial control. Specifically, we quantified the degree to which landscape and stream network characteristics predict stream solute concentrations. Stream Na + exhibited strong spatial autocorrelation that was primarily controlled by topography and hydrology. In contrast, stream NO 3 À had higher spatial variability and was inversely correlated to vegetation cover, measured as mean normalized differenced moisture index (NDMI). Spatially heterogeneous wildfire behaviour left intact forest patches interspersed with high burn severity patches dominated by shrubs and grasses which contributes to the spatial variability in stream NO 3 À concentrations.Post-fire vegetation also interacts with watershed structure to influence stream NO 3 À patterns. For example, severely burned convergent hillslopes in headwaters positions were associated with the highest stream NO 3 À concentrations due to the high proportional influence of hillslope water in these locations. Our findings suggest that targeted reforestation in severely burned convergent hillslopes in headwater positions may enhance the recovery of stream NO 3 À concentrations to pre-fire levels.

Forested watersheds provide many ecosystem services that have become increasingly threatened by wildfire. Stream nitrate (NO ) concentrations often increase following wildfire and can remain elevated for decades. We investigated the drivers of persistent elevated stream NO in nine watersheds that were burned to varying degrees 16 years prior by the Hayman fire, Colorado, USA. We evaluated the ability of multiple linear regression and spatial stream network modeling approaches to predict observed concentrations of the biologically active solute NO and the conservative solute sodium (Na ). Specifically, we quantified the degree to which landscape and stream network characteristics predict stream solute concentrations. No landscape variables were strong predictors of stream Na . Rather, stream Na variability was largely attributed to flow-connected spatial autocorrelation, indicating that downstream hydrologic transport was the primary driver of spatially distributed Na concentrations. In contrast, vegetation cover, measured as mean normalized differenced moisture index (NDMI), was the strongest predictor of spatially distributed stream NO concentrations. Furthermore, stream NO concentrations had weak flow-connected spatial autocorrelation and high spatial variability. This pattern is likely the result of spatially heterogeneous wildfire behavior that leaves intact forest patches interspersed with high burn severity patches that are dominated by shrubs and grasses. Post-fire vegetation also interacts with watershed structure to influence stream NO patterns. For example, severely burned convergent hillslopes in headwaters positions were associated with the highest stream NO concentrations due to the high proportional influence of hillslope water in these locations. Our findings suggest that reforestation is critical for the recovery of stream NO concentrations to pre-fire levels and targeted planting in severely burned convergent hillslopes in headwater positions will likely have a large impact on stream NO concentrations.