AD patients' scores on the EQ-5D and the HUI2 have many of the characteristics of valid preference measures. However, the proportions of persons who do not perceive any disability, the lack of association with the caregivers' ratings of activities of daily living, limited associations with insight, and no association with their Mini-Mental State Exam scores suggest that patients' reports of disability might reflect legitimate self-perceptions of mood and function that are associated with comorbidities rather than with AD.

Caregiver-completed ratings of preference for patients' health made by use of the EQ-5D and the HUI2 have many of the characteristics of valid preference measures. However, the lack of association with patient Mini-Mental Status Exam scores and patient self-rated AD-specific QOL and the associations with caregiver subjective burden might present limitations to their use as proxy measures for cost-effectiveness analyses.

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Notable differences exist in how Latino Puerto Ricans and non-Latino Whites talk about AD and AD research. Clinicians, clinical investigators, and patient educators need to consider these differences when they conduct clinical care and research and design outreach and educational materials.

In this paper we report the results of simulations of a 2D gravity driven, dissipative granular flow through a hopper system. Measurements of impulse distributions P (I) on the simulated system show flow-velocity-invariant behavior of the distribution for impulses larger than the average impulse < I >. For small impulses, however, P (I) decreases significantly with flow velocity, a phenomenon which can be attributed exclusively to collisions between grains undergoing frequent collisions. Visualizations of the system also show that these frequently colliding particles tend to form increasingly large linear clusters as the flow velocity decreases. A model is proposed for the form of P (I), given distributions of cluster size and velocity, which accurately predicts the observed form of the distribution. Thus the impulse distribution provides some insight into the formation and properties of these "dynamic" force chains.