Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) disease, which has been shown to trigger multiple affectations. One of the first tissue areas to come into contact with the virus is the oral cavity, which develops various alterations. Hence, the objective of this systematic review was to identify the main signs and symptoms of this disease in the oral cavity, and the following research question was established: What are the main oral signs and symptoms in COVID-19-positive persons? Methods: The electronic databases of PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIENCE DIRECT were analyzed, the keywords “ORAL DISEASES,” “ORAL MANIFESTACTIONS,” and “COVID-19” were used taking into account the following inclusion criteria: studies whose main objective was oral manifestations secondary to the confirmation of COVID-19, plus clinical cases, case series, and retrospective or prospective studies. For the assessment of the risk of bias the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series tool was used. Results: A total of 18 studies were included, the most common initial signs/symptoms after contagion of SARS-CoV-2 were dysgeusia, dry mouth, and burning mouth, and the main signs/symptoms were the presence of ulcerative lesions, dysgeusia, and Candida albicans infections. Conclusions: It is very important to detect any alteration in the mucosa in patients with COVID-19 and to provide assertive treatment to avoid complications, and try to maintain adequate oral hygiene throughout the course of the disease to avoid the colonization of opportunistic microorganisms and to avoid complications both orally and systemically.

Introduction. Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammation of the soft tissues that support the structure of the tooth, and miRNAs are highly dynamic molecules that participate in the regulation of gene expression interfering with multiple genetic targets. The dysregulation of the expression of miRNAs has been associated with different types of pathologies; therefore, they are excellent molecules to be studied as biomarkers. Material and Methods. A search was made in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The following key words were used: “microRNAs,” “miRNAs,” “periodontal disease,” “periodontitis,” and “biomarker”; employee independent search strategies with the Boolean operators “OR” and “AND”; a further search of the references of the selected studies was performed to detect potential studies that met the selection criteria. The data recollected from each article were author, country, year of publication, sample size, type of sample used to identify miRNAs, methodology used to identify miRNAs, type of periodontal disease, and miRNAs identified. Results. Of the 13 selected studies, 6 used gingival tissue as a sample for the identification of miRNAs, 3 used gingival fluid, 2 used saliva, 1 used serum, and another used periodontal tissue. Chronic periodontitis was the most studied periodontal disease in 9 of the 13 selected articles; 7 used microarrays as the main technique for the identification of miRNAs. qRT-PCR was the assay choice to validate the identified miRNAs. Conclusion. The main type of periodontal disease on which most studies are focused is chronic periodontitis, with the main miRNAs being hsa-miR-146a, hsa-miR-146b, hsa-miR-155, and hsa-miR-200. This systematic review is one of the first to carry out an analysis of the current role of miRNAs in PD as biomarkers.

RESUMEN: Tener una clasificación de enfermedades periodontales es de gran utilidad para los clínicos al brindar una guía sistematizada de las distintas manifestaciones de los problemas periodontales. La nueva clasificación de enfermedades y condiciones periodontales de 2017 tiene como una de sus características principales la agrupación de la periodontitis con estadios y grados, como manifestación de enfermedades sistémicas y enfermedades periodontales necrosantes; así como la introducción de un apartado que habla de salud y enfermedad peri-implantaria. En el caso de la periodontitis, el estadio se refiere a la severidad de la enfermedad y la complejidad del tratamiento; mientras que el grado se refiere al ritmo del progreso y riesgo de recidiva de la enfermedad, en este trabajo se ofrece una ruta de diagnóstico didáctica y se desarrollan las principales diferencias entre las últimas dos clasificaciones, al tiempo que compartimos la experiencia al implementar esta nueva clasificación en nuestro instituto.

Debido a la situación sanitaria causada por el COVID-19 la educación odontológica ha enfrentado múltiples retos, pasando de lo presencial a lo virtual, esto ha sido todo un proceso, al ser una situación que se presentó de manera repentina las clases virtuales se tuvieron que implementar rápidamente, si bien la virtualidad era algo que ya se venia implementando en nuestro medio, es claro que esta pandemia aceleró su utilización y que en cierta manera hubo un cambio en la enseñanza que permanecerá después de que esta pandemia sea superada.

Evaluación de higiene oral y características periodontales en pacientes con obesidad: estudio de casos y controles. Evaluation of oral hygiene and periodontal characteristicsin patients with obesity: case-control study.