No abstract

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus; Carnivora, Canidae) is the South America's largest canid, typically occurring in open areas of Cerrado, Chaco and Pampa. Its geographical distribution is historically limited to the north by the Amazon forest, and to the northeast by the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes. However, recent studies have reported that its occurrence has recently been expanded to the boundaries of its distribution range. In this study, we presented 22 records of the maned wolf for the Amazon biome, including six records from gray literature, six records of scientific articles from indexed journals and 10 new records, expanding the northwest limit of its geographical range in 51,178.78 km². The presence of the maned wolf in protected and unprotected areas of the Amazon biome, as reported in this study, can play a complementary role in the conservation of species, since its historically boundaries are becoming increasingly permeable.

Resumo: Sapajus cay (Illiger, 1815) (Primates, Cebidae) é uma das principais espécies de primatas predadores de vertebrados neotropicais. Durante a realização de estudos ecológicos sobre a biodiversidade do Pantanal um evento de predação de um indivíduo de Mico melanurus (Primates, Callitrichidae) foi registrado na pousada Recando do Dourado, município de Cáceres, estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. Essa predação ocorreu no dia 08 de novembro de 2017, pico da estação seca, em uma faixa estreita de vegetação ripária com aproximadamente 15 m de largura. Dois machos adultos de S. cay perseguiram seis indivíduos de M. melanurus demonstrando estratégia cooperativa na captura da presa. Após a captura, um indivíduo de M. melanurus foi morto com uma mordida no abdômen e somente os dois machos consumiram a presa. Restos do indivíduo de M. melanurus que caíram no solo foram recolhidos por fêmeas e jovens de S. cay, que logo desapareceram na vegetação. Nesse local, foram observados 84 indivíduos de S. cay. Palavra-chaves: interações interespecíficas; macaco-prego; predador; primatas. OPPORTUNISTIC PREDATIONS OF Mico melanurus (PRIMATES, CALLITRICHIDAE) BY Sapajus cay (PRIMATES, CEBIDAE) IN ECOTONE BETWEEN THE PANTANAL AND THE AMAZON. Sapajus cay (Illiger, 1815) (Primates, Cebidae) is one of the main species of predatory primates of Neotropical vertebrates. During ecological studies on the biodiversity of the Pantanal, a predation event of one individual of Mico melanurus (Primates, Callitrichidae) was recorded at the Recando do Dourado lodge, in the municipality of Cáceres, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This predation occurred on November 8, 2017, peak of the dry season, in a narrow strip of riparian vegetation approximately 15 m wide. Two S. cay adult males chased six individuals of M. melanurus demonstrating cooperative strategy to catch prey. After the capture, one individual of M. melanurus was killed with a bite in the abdomen and only the two males consumed the prey. Remains of the

Climate change represents an unprecedented threat to global biodiversity and, for many species, gaps in our knowledge of their biology remain acute. Gaps in baseline knowledge, such as confirmed identifications (Linnean shortfalls) and adequate collections (Wallacean shortfalls), need to be minimized with new studies, since this is often critical for effective conservation. Despite the increase in scientific research on primates in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon, little is known about the species Mico nigriceps (Ferrari & Lopes, 1992) Primates, Platirryni. In the current study, we sought to reduce the extent of the Wallacean shortfall for M. nigriceps, understand whether climate change represents a threat to the distribution of the species, and identify priority areas for its conservation. Accordingly, we provide 121 new records in 14 locations, obtained directly from the field, and five from the literature. Using this, we carried out ecological niche modeling, to better understand how environmental suitability might limit the area occupied by the species. We then projected a distribution for 2070 with the SSP2-4.5 (more optimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (more pessimistic) scenarios. Our data confirmed the geographic distribution of the species as being restricted to headwaters of the Ji-Paraná/Machado river, but with a 400 km extension to the south. Under the modeled climate change scenarios, the area suitable for the species declines by 21% under the most optimistic, and by 27% in the pessimistic, scenario across the projected 50-year period. Although we have expanded the area of known occurrence for this species, we point out that climate change threatens the stability of this newly-discovered population strongly, and that this danger is intensified by deforestation, fire and hunting. We recommend that further studies be carried out to confirm the presence of the species in adjacent areas, those indicated by generated models as being potential environmentally suitable. In addition, we recommend intensifying forest restoration in currently pastured areas, and protection of the areas forming the current and future habitat of this species through such measures as protected area creation.

Historical records of Ateles chamek (black-faced black spider monkey) suggest that the species range extends further south of the known species distribution, within an ecotonal region between the Amazonia, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes in Brazil. Ecotones are zones of habitat transition with high species richness that remain undersampled as conservationists often prioritize biodiversity hotspots. Thus, distribution ranges may be inaccurately measured when species occur in ecotonal zones. We report the first precise records of A. chamek in 24 new localities surveyed in the ecotonal zone of the Upper Paraguay River Basin, and we present subgroup encounter rates in the 11 largest patches (>70 ha) along 207 km of the line transects surveyed. The new records represent an expansion of the distribution of A. chamek approximately 200 km to the south, increasing the known extent of its occurrence by 10.8%. Local tributaries may not be barriers for spider monkeys, which are able to swim and cross slow-moving rivers. However, the dry forests of the Cerrado and the flooded areas of the Pantanal, formed by grassland and scarce trees, may be habitat barriers for A. chamek. The populations living in this ecotonal zone are relatively abundant (1.1-6.67 subgroup sightings/10 km) compared to the heavily hunted continuous forests of northern Amazonia. Furthermore, these values are similar to those for other Ateles spp. inhabiting forests with low or no hunting pressure. We highlight the need for specific conservation action to protect the spider monkeys living in these landscapes, which are threatened by agriculture expansion.