Missiles are becoming an increasingly prominent element of military arsenals, but the system of arms control that helped provide a check on the missile arms race is under considerable stress. Addressing this challenge will require developing new approaches to missile verification. This report covers various aspects of verification arrangements that could be applied to missiles. The authors look at the experience of past arms control and disarmament efforts, provide an overview of existing verification tools, and initiate a discussion of potential arrangements that could make future arms control agreements possible. The general conclusion of the report is that there is a variety of options to consider. Most verification arrangements would require a fairly high level of transparency, but that is what makes them stronger and more reliable. The path to building an effective verification arrangement is to design it in a way that facilitates cooperation and transparency.

In the face of space's ever-increasing importance to humankind, the ongoing development of counterspace capabilities by several States creates new forms of threats to space assets and infrastructure. As such, policy options to reduce or prevent the weaponization of space through arms control, disarmament and wider governance are increasingly important to ensure the security and sustainability of space operations. To inform policymaking in this area, it is useful to understand the options available for monitoring and verification in space. To explore the potential for verification for space security further, this report examines some of the tools and technologies of relevance to verification in space and how these tools could be applied to verify and monitor present and future frameworks related to space security.

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