Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescents. Neurofeedback, a nonpharmaceutical treatment, has shown promising results. Objective: To review the evidence of efficacy of neurofeedback as a treatment for children and adolescents with ADHD. Method: A systematic review of the specific scientific studies published in 1995-2021, identifying and analyzing randomized controlled trials (RCT). Results: A total of 1636 articles were identified and 165 met inclusion criteria, of which 67 were RCTs. Conclusion: Neurofeedback training was associated with significant long-term reduction in symptoms of ADHD. Though limitations exist regarding conclusions about the specific effects of neurofeedback, the review documents improvements in school, social, and family environments.

The main objective of this study was to analyse the relationship and differential contribution of Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and sleep problems in children in different psychopathological measures. A total of 1133 participants (612 fathers/mothers and 521 children aged 7–13 years in Years 3–6 of Primary Education) completed the scales on CDS, sleep problems, depression (DEP), anxiety (ANX) and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Similar and significant correlations were identified in the measures of CDS and sleep problems between fathers and mothers, obtaining a high coefficient between the two parents. However, weak correlations were found between fathers/mothers and children. The scores of CDS and the sleep disturbance scale for children (SDSC) significantly predicted the internalising measures and ADHD, especially between SDSC and DEP. It was confirmed that sleep problems had a greater presence in the group of children with the highest ADHD scores, and especially in CDS and ADHD jointly. To conclude, the data indicate the importance of sleep problems in understanding CDS and its relationship with other psychopathological measures, especially ADHD, although to a greater extent with internalising symptoms, especially DEP.

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