Early interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are increasingly available, while only 42–50% of ASD children are diagnosed before 3 years old (YO). To identify neuroimaging biomarkers for early ASD diagnosis, we evaluated surface- and voxel-based brain morphometry in participants under 3YO who were later diagnosed with ASD. Magnetic resonance imaging data were retrospectively obtained from patients later diagnosed with ASD at Boston Children’s Hospital. The ASD participants with comorbidities such as congenital disorder, epilepsy, and global developmental delay/intellectual disability were excluded from statistical analyses. Eighty-five structural brain magnetic resonance imaging images were collected from 81 participants under 3YO and compared with 45 images from 45 gender- and age-matched nonautistic controls (non-ASD). Using an Infant FreeSurfer pipeline, 236 regionally distributed measurements were extracted from each scan. By t-tests and linear mixed models, the smaller nucleus accumbens and larger bilateral lateral, third, and fourth ventricles were identified in the ASD group. Vertex-wise t-statistical maps showed decreased thickness in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and increased thickness in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex in ASD. The smaller bilateral accumbens nuclei and larger cerebral ventricles were independent of age, gender, or gestational age at birth, suggesting that there are MRI-based biomarkers in prospective ASD patients before they receive the diagnosis and that the volume of the nucleus accumbens and cerebral ventricles can be key MRI-based early biomarkers to predict the emergence of ASD.
Background: Accurate knowledge of location and relation with different parameters of the greater palatine foramen (GPF) is a crucial necessity in performing a variety of anaesthesiological, dental and surgical procedures. The main aim of this study was to identify the GPF's locations, numbers and shapes via associating with gender and palatal indices and compare with literature results. Materials and methods: This study was held on the cranium collections of the many anatomy departments in Turkey. Various metric assessments were observed on sexed, dry, total of 97 craniums. Results: Thirty-eight male cranium observed and mean values of palatal indices was 86.28 ± 10.75 and for 48 female craniums mean value for palatal indices was 81.06 ± 10.56. Location of GPF observed bilaterally and mostly found near the third upper molar in either of both males and females. It was 62.7% (right), 60.9% (left) for male craniums and 49.0% (right) and 47.1% (left) for female craniums observed near the lateral border of upper third molar. GPF found oval shape for male craniums 62.8% (right) and 61.0% (left) and for female craniums 66.0% (right) and 66.0% (left). Conclusions: These results were compared with already existing anatomical data in other races and populations. These results would have great clinical influence in localising the palatine foramina toward better palatal area surgical approaches to and anaesthetise this area.
Background: Medical education in Ottoman-Turkish medicine was shaped by the influence of Claudius Galenus (c.130-c.210) and Ibn-i Sina (c.980-c.1037). These teachings were performed in madrasahs until the beginning of the 19 th century. Within the scope of master-apprentice relationship, medical training was also given in private clinics. As a result of religious and social pressures on scientific studies, human cadavers were never used because they were considered sacred. For centuries, all books were handwritten in the Ottoman Empire until the first printing press was established in Istanbul during 1726. However, the first illustrated book on anatomy was not printed until another 100 years later. Materials and methods: A comparative study was conducted on the anatomical drawings in "Miratü'l Ebdan Fi Teşrih-i Azau'l İnsan" (Ataullah ŞM, 17 th), and significance of this book. Results: Forty-six out of 56 figures were received from the book of physician and anatomist Jean Palfin (1650-1730). Remaining 9 figures were cited from author himself as collected from Bernard
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