The possibility of increased production of genetically modified (GM) crops in agriculture accentuates the need to examine the feasibility of GM and non-GM technologies co-existing on a common physical landscape. Using the theory of clubs, this paper examines the possibility of co-existence for GM and organic wheat technologies through the formation of an organic club with an endogenously determined buffer zone. Given the available data on prices, and yields, it is shown that a club can be created in which GM and organic agricultural production technologies can economically co-exist in the same physical landscape. Specifically, co-existence results in an increase in economic welfare over a situation where only GM technology is used but is not Pareto superior because producers in the buffer zone will incur injury. We show that organic producers in the club can compensate producers in the buffer zone and still be better off. Hence, the compensation principle holds.La possibilité de production accrue de cultures génétiquement modifiées (GM) accentue la nécessité d'examiner la faisabilité de coexistence des technologies GM et non GM dans un même paysage agricole.À l'aide de la théorie des clubs, le présent article a examiné la possibilité de coexistence des technologies de culture de blé GM et de blé biologique en créant un club biologique comprenant une zone tampon déterminée de façon endogène. Compte tenu des données disponibles concernant les prix et les rendements, il est montré qu'il est possible de créer un club au sein duquel les technologies de production de cultures biologiques et GM peuventéconomiquement coexister dans un même paysage naturel. Spécifiquement, la coexistence engendre une augmentation du bien-êtreéconomique par rapportà une situation où seule la technologie GM est utilisée, mais elle n'est pas Pareto supérieure parce que les producteurs dans la zone tampon subiront des dommages. Nous montrons que les producteurs de cultures biologiques membres du club peuvent indemniser les producteurs de la zone tampon tout en demeurant en bonne position. Le principe de compensation tient donc.

Informal payments constitute a significant portion of out-of-pocket payments in health systems, especially in developing countries. This study examined the current status of informal payments in Turkey and the opinions, attitudes, and behavior of individuals toward informal payments. To examine this concept, 1,033 residents in Ankara, the capital city of Turkey, were surveyed. The 28-item questionnaire used in data collection was developed based on previous research and expert opinions. The data analysis revealed that approximately 29% of the study participants made informal payments in return for the medical service they received. Three out of 4 people who made informal payments were from a low-income group. Informal payments were made in the form of cash prior to medical procedures and also as gifts following the procedures. Future recommendations for health policymakers include designing a new patient copay mechanism where informal payments can be effectively incorporated into the formal payment system, assistance to lowincome individuals, and improvement in current medical staff salaries that would discourage taking such payments.

Organic agriculture has grown rapidly throughout the world in recent years as a result of increasing consumer interest in healthy food and environmental concerns. The use of land in this operation helps to conserve the environment and promotes the sustainable use of natural resources. The demand for organic products has increased, especially in Europe, North America and Oceania, and hence has created export potential for developing countries. Turkey is a typical case among developing countries of the establishment of organic agriculture based on export potential. About 85% of its current organic production is exported to EU countries, and this is predicted to expand further. The main objectives of the study were to define the concept of organic agriculture and to describe the state of organic agriculture both worldwide and specifically in Turkey. The paper also describes major issues affecting Turkish organic agriculture and presents recommendations for developing this and related sectors in the hope that they will help to solve common problems faced by developing countries and improve policy programmes along with extension and research activities.

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