A series of conjugated materials based on the new dithieno[3,2-c:2',3'-e]-2,7-diketophosphepin (DTDKP) building block have been studied for the first time. Theoretical calculations predict DTDKP to be a better electron acceptor than the well-known dithienophosphole and the nitrogen analogue, bithiopheneimide. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed two reduction processes that support their promising electron-acceptor properties, and modification of the P center with O or gold(I) further reduced the LUMO energy to ca. -3.6 eV. Expansion of the DTDKP core with various aromatic moieties has been realized using the Huisgen alkynyl click reaction, resulting in altered optical and electrochemical properties with compounds showing a high-energy absorption band at ca. 270-290 nm and a low-energy band at ca. 390-460 nm. The acceptor character of the DTDKP core was demonstrated by a red shift following the electron-donating strength of the appended aromatic moiety. Intriguing white-light emission from just a single species with the CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.34) was observed for some of the extended species as the result of an unexpected dual-emission behavior. The high-energy emission in the blue-to-green region and the low-energy emission in the orange-to-red region are attributed to a π* → π transition of the DTDKP core and charge transfer from the triazole moiety to DTDKP, respectively. Apart from tuning of the molecular properties, this novel building block has also been applied in a self-assembled organogel, which exhibited pronounced luminescence. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the gel self-assembled by forming a network of entangled 1D fibrous structures on the micrometer scale.
A family of highly emissive dithiazolo[5,4-b:4',5'-d]phospholes has been designed and synthesized. The structures of two trivalent P species, as well as their corresponding P oxides, have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The parent dithiazolo[5,4-b:4',5'-d]phosphole oxide exhibits strong blue photoluminescence at λem = 442 nm, with an excellent quantum yield efficiency of ϕPL = 0.81. The photophysical properties of these compounds can be easily tuned by extension of the conjugation and modification of the phosphorus center. Compared with the established dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]phosphole system, the incorporation of electronegative nitrogen atoms leads to significantly lowered frontier orbital energy levels, as validated by both electrochemistry and theoretical calculations, thus suggesting that the dithiazolo[5,4-b:4',5'-d]phospholes are valuable, air-stable, n-type conjugated materials. These new building blocks have been further applied to the construction of an extended oligomer with fluorene. Extension of the dithiazolophosphole core with triazole units through click reactions also provides a suitable N,N-chelating moiety for metal binding and a representative molecular species was successfully used as a selective colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for Cu(II) ions.
The synthesis and characterization of a series of 3- or 4-substituted 1,8-naphthalic anhydride compounds, and their organophosphorus analogues, bearing a cyclic diketophosphanyl moiety, are reported.
A series of P-benzyl functionalised dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-b]phospholes with different substitution pattern at the phosphorus as well as the conjugated scaffold was synthesised and characterised via optical spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray crystallography was performed on one species. The experimentally observed data were solidified with density functional theory calculations. In contrast to related benzylated P-phenyl phospholium species, the new systems show pronounced photoluminescence in solution, with the exception of the phosphole sulfide species. The observed photophysics could be explained with dominating π→π* transitions, despite the presence of the benzyl group that had been found to quench the fluorescence in the predecessor benzyl system with P-phenyl substituent.
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