ogy questionnaire), and demographic items including participant age and family income. Ethnic belonging was the best predictor of traditional masculinity ideology, a finding unique to this study. Ethnicity was the 2nd best predictor, with Latinos endorsing the highest level of traditional male gender roles, followed by European Americans and African Americans. However, ethnicity interacted with ethnic belonging, indicating that the obtained positive association between ethnic belonging and traditional male gender role endorsements was stronger and more consistent for European Americans than for Latinos. Data analysis also indicated a slight positive relationship between age and traditional masculinity ideology.

No abstract

The progressive upgrade of tide gauges to match tsunami warning requirements, tied with an upgrade of tide gauges with 1-min or less sampling and latency, has led to a huge amount of data available worldwide for studies of coastal hazards related to high-frequency sea level oscillations. This upgrade in the observation network poses a challenge in matching the operational data flow, quality control and processing, as well as an opportunity for a more immediate evaluation and understanding of the physical phenomena contained in the raw data, such as meteotsunamis and infragravity waves. The main purpose of this study is to present a new operational tool that enables, for the first time, user-friendly and fast exploitation of an up to now hidden information on high-frequency sea level oscillations. Developed and implemented for 40 tide gauges at the main ports of the Spanish coast, the new tool is based on the automatic analysis of 2-Hz raw data and the online publication of relevant products in near real time. It includes an event detection algorithm and a display calendar to select and review historical events, resulting in a revolutionary advanced toolbox, a new window to phenomena that affects ports operations and infrastructures. This toolbox, combined with the open dataset, provides the first steps for considering HFSLO in the definition of operational risk management. Dealing with these raw data in near real time requires careful selection of appropriate algorithms and quality control procedures, with therefore additional difficulties, that are discussed in this paper.

Ports are strategic hubs of the logistic chain and are likely to be exposed to natural hazard events. Variation of metocean agents derived from climate change, such as sea level rise or changes in the magnitude, frequency, duration, and direction of storms, can modify the infrastructural and operational vulnerability of port areas and activities, demanding the development of adaptation or mitigation strategies. In this context, the present paper is aimed to propose a downscaling methodology for addressing local effects at port scale. In addition, based on previously identifying and defining the Areas of Operational Interest (AOIs) inside ports, an approach towards the evaluation of operational vulnerability is offered. The whole process is applied, as a practical case, to the Port of Gijón (Spain) for different General Circulation Models (GCMs), concentration scenarios, and time horizons. The results highlight, in line with other publications, that inter-model differences are, so far, more significant than intra-model differences from dissimilar time horizons or concentration scenarios.

The term “damage” in rubble mound breakwaters is usually related to the foremost failure mode of this kind of coastal structures: their hydraulic instability. The characterization of the breakwater response against wave action was and will be the goal of hundreds of studies. Because of the large amount of information, the present review on damage in rubble mound breakwaters is divided in two papers, which are closely linked but conceptually different; whereas Part II is focused on the various approaches for defining and measuring damage, Part I summarizes the diverse strategies for modelling damage development and progression. The present paper compiles 146 references on this topic, chronologically discussed over almost a century of history: from 1933 to 2020. It includes 23 formulations of hydraulic stability models and 11 formulations of damage progression models, together with main advances and shortcomings up to date. The future of rubble mound design is linked to risk-based tools and advanced management strategies, for which deeper comprehension about the spatial and temporal evolution of damage during the useful life of each particular structure is required. For this aim, damage progression probabilistic models, full-scale monitoring and standardization will presumably be some of the key challenges in the upcoming years.