Contexto: La conformación de conglomerados habitacionales ilegales, en la mayoría de los casos, sin saneamiento básico adecuado, puede generar deterioro de los recursos naturales. El presente estudio evaluó el impacto ambiental asociado al vertimiento de aguas servidas urbanas (ASU) sobre suelos y cuerpos de agua, en un aglomerado urbano ilegal del municipio de Villavicencio. Metodología: A partir de 15 puntos de muestreo se determinaron parámetros fisicoquímicos de agua: serie de sólidos, turbiedad, color, demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), oxígeno disuelto (OD); y de suelo: pH, CE, capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC) y concentración de C, N y elementos traza, para identificar impactos sobre los recursos en el área de estudio. Resultados: Las muestras de ASU presentaron valores elevados en parámetros como turbiedad (326 NTU), color (744 UPC) y DQO bruta (600 a 1500 mg l-1). En los análisis de cuerpos de agua aledaños al sector, la DQO varió entre 368 y 429 mg l-1. Asimismo, el OD osciló entre 5,7 y 7,1 mg l-1, valores que resultaron favorables para los cauces; sin embargo, fueron bajos para el ASU (0,9 mg l-1). Por su parte, se determinó una alteración significativa en propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo como pH (5,8-8,2), CIC (8,2-16,78 mEq-g 100 g-1), CE (57,6-517,3 µS cm-1) y N (0,03-0,84 mg kg-1) asociadas principalmente a los vertimientos. Conclusiones: Fue posible identificar un efecto negativo en los recursos agua y suelo, generado por descargas descontroladas de ASU en el lugar, lo cual se encuentra relacionado una pérdida de servicios ambientales y baja calidad de vida.
Human activities are not only increasing salinization of rivers, they might also be altering the temporal dynamics of salinity. Here, we assess the effect of human activities on the temporal dynamics of electrical conductivity (EC) in 91 Spanish rivers using daily measures of EC from 2007 to 2011. We expected rivers weakly affected by human activities to have low and constant ECs, whereas rivers strongly affected by human activities should have high and variable ECs throughout the year. We collected information on land use, climate, and geology that could explain the spatiotemporal variation in EC. We identified four groups of rivers with differences in EC trends that covered a gradient of anthropogenic pressure. According to Random Forest analysis, temporal EC patterns were mainly driven by agriculture, but de-icing roads, mining, and wastewater discharges were also important to some extent. Linear regressions showed a moderate relationship between EC variability and precipitation, and a weak relationship to geology. Overall, our results show strong evidence that human activities disrupt the temporal dynamics of EC. This could have strong effects on aquatic biodiversity (e.g., aquatic organisms might not adapt to frequent and unpredictable salinity peaks) and should be incorporated into monitoring and management plans.
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