Even though the ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) is a broadly used routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), it is vulnerable to a blackhole attack. Lu et al. developed a secure MANET routing protocol called SAODV to address the security weakness associated with the original AODV protocol and to remedy the blackhole attack. Specifically, the SAODV protocol can protect against blackhole attack performed by a malicious node during the routing process. However, it cannot resist the cooperative blackhole attack, in which two nodes are participating together to mount such attack. Therefore, this paper proposes a secure MANET routing protocol called BP-AODV to overcome the security breaches related to the SAODV protocol along with the original AODV protocol. In addition, the BP-AODV is able to protect against a cooperative blackhole attack launched during the routing process and guards against the blackhole attack that might take place during the forwarding process. The BP-AODV is developed by extending the functionality of the AODV protocol along with utilizing the chaotic map features. The experimental results assure that the BP-AODV protocol is more secure than the SAODV protocol and can effectively fight the blackhole attack achieved by a malicious node or cooperative malicious nodes during the routing process. The results also reveal that the BP-AODV can strongly guard against the blackhole attack that occurs during the forwarding process.INDEX TERMS Cooperative blackhole attack, blackhole protected AODV, BP-AODV, malicious node, MANET.

This paper describes a framework for implementing intrusion detection systems using fuzzy logic. A fuzzy datamining algorithm is used to extract fuzzy rules for the inference engine. The modular architecture is implemented using the Java Expert System Shell (Jess) and the FuzzyJess toolkit developed by Sandia National Laboratories and the National Research Council of Canada respectively. Experimental results for a hybrid prototype system using anomaly-based and fuzzy signatures are provided using data sets from MIT Lincoln Laboratory.

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Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been deployed into a variety of applications including homeland security, military systems, and health care. Sensor nodes deployed in such networks are subject to several attacks such as sinkhole and select forwarding, wormhole, Hello flood, and replication attacks. Therefore, developing secure and energy-efficient routing protocols to protect WSNs against these attacks while efficiently utilizing the energy of the deployed nodes has become imperative. Several routing protocols have been proposed in the literature for WSNs. Most of these protocols assume static nodes and sinks to collect data from network fields. However, they may be highly movable, and recent advances show that mobile sensors in WSNs have a promising performance. Therefore, this paper surveys the state of the art on routing protocols related to WSNs and presents the security issues or problems associated with the current protocols as well as discusses the future trends and open research issues on secure routing protocols of WSNs.