Non-typhoidal Salmonellae have been extensively incriminated worldwide as common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and animals. This study investigated patterns of resistance of prevailing Salmonella serotypes from poultry and asymptomatic poultry workers. A total of 560 stool samples, comprising 200 from non-diarrhoeic workers and 360 from diarrhoeic poultry were randomly collected. Samples were processed and isolates identified by standard methods. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using standard procedures. Sixty-four Salmonellae belonging to Salmonella typhimurium 32(50%), Salmonella gallinarum 28(43.75%) and Salmonella enteritidis 4(6.25%) were recorded, with S. typhimurium being the most prevalence serotype. There was statistical significance relationship (p>0.05) between the S. typhimurium isolated from poultry and healthy poultry workers. Salmonella serotypes were 100% resistant to ampicillin, 90.6% to tetracycline and moderately sensitive to nalidic acid (62.5%). Fluoroquinolone resistant S. typhimurium strains from poultry were also observed. Seventeen resistance patterns were observed with AmpCotNitStrTet, AmpNitNalStrTet and AmpNitStrTet being the most frequent patterns recorded. The study revealed emergence multiple drug resistant Salmonella serotypes from poultry and asymptomatic workers. Continuous use of fluoroquinolones as a growth promoter in animal feeds could be re-examined to reduce the widespread and circulation of emerging strains of this bacterium.

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Background: Asymptomatic carriage and spread of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBLs)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the community are potential risk factors for transmission of infection. Objective: To determine the prevalence of ESBL resistant genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from asymptomatic out-patients. Methods: Using a questionnaire, demographic information, medical history, previous hospitalization and antibiotics used were obtained. Stool and urine samples were collected from 350 participants, cultured, and the susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics and ESBL production were determined using the disk diffusion method. ESBL genes such as blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaSHV were identified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction.   Results: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pnuemoniae were identified from the stool samples (256; 69.9% and 89; 24.4% respectively) and urine samples (15; 4.1% and 6; 1.6% respectively). The isolates were susceptible to imipenem  (330; 90.6%) and nitrofurantoin (307; 80.4%), most of the isolates were resistant to fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides while all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. The prevalence of ESBL was 29 (8.3%) and was observed in Escherichia coli (19; 7.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11; 12.0%), including a dual carriage. The ESBL carriers were resistant to the cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. CTX-M (20; 66.7%), TEM (14; 46.7%), CTX-M and TEM genes co-existed in 9 (30.0%) while no SHV gene was detected in the isolates. Age, sex, prior hospitalization and antibiotics use did not predispose to ESBL carriage. Conclusion: Asymptomatic carriage of ESBL producing enterobacteria in the participants indicates that they can serve as a reservoir of the gene encoding for antibiotic resistance.

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