Cervical cancer continues to be a significant global challenge as it is the fourth major cause of mortality among women. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by repeated human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. Although the incidence and death of cervical cancer have declined in high-income nations, the disease still places a heavy burden on low- and middle-income countries. HPV-16Cervical cancer continues to be a significant global challenge as it is the fourth major cause of mortality among women. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by repeated human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. Although the incidence and death of cervical cancer have declined in high-income nations, the disease still places a heavy burden on low- and middle-income countries. HPV-16 is responsible for 50% while HPV-18 is responsible for 10% of cervical cancer cases. The introduction of HPV vaccines is limited in developing areas with greater need, despite the fact that they offer a potential alternative for disease control. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about types and importance of HPV vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention. Three HPV vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer are available including a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against 4 HPV types, and the second is a bivalent vaccine that protects against 2 high-risk oncogenic HPV types and third is a 9-valent vaccine. All three vaccines provide comparable coverage. Preventative vaccinations against the virus, given to women before HPV infection, have proven to be efficient and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Thus, it is advised to immunize girls aged 9-14 years. The development of the HPV vaccine has made primary cervical cancer prevention possible. Health promotion and education can potentially contribute to increasing the awareness of community regarding cervical cancer prevention and can lead to better utilization of HPV vaccine.is responsible for 50% while HPV-18 is responsible for 10% of cervical cancer cases. The introduction of HPV vaccines is limited in developing areas with greater need, despite the fact that they offer a potential alternative for disease control. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about types and importance of HPV vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention. Three HPV vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer are available including a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against 4 HPV types, and the second is a bivalent vaccine that protects against 2 high-risk oncogenic HPV types and third is a 9-valent vaccine. All three vaccines provide comparable coverage. Preventative vaccinations against the virus, given to women before HPV infection, have proven to be efficient and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Thus, it is advised to immunize girls aged 9-14 years. The development of the HPV vaccine has made primary cervical cancer prevention possible. Health promotion and education can potentially contribute to increasing the awareness of community regarding cervical cancer prevention and can lead to better utilization of HPV vaccine.

Gestational diabetes is one of the most widespread complications of pregnancy posing a serious clinical and public health challenge. Globally, 16.5% of pregnancies are affected by the gestational diabetes, and this percentage is expected to rise as the obesity pandemic spreads. It has severe short-term and long-term negative health effects on both the mother and the child, which emphasizes the importance of identifying the risk factors for gestational diabetes and taking steps to prevent the illness. Gestational diabetes occurs when pregnant women who have never been diagnosed with diabetes experience chronic hyperglycaemia caused by impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity, physical inactivity, multiparity, family history of diabetes mellitus, certain ethnicities, birth of a previous macrocosmic child are all risk factors for gestational diabetes. Maternal cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, macrosomia, and difficulties in delivery are all some of the complications of gestational diabetes. Additionally, there is a longer-term risk for the child to develop obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Screening and diagnostic tests for gestational diabetes are essential to identify the women who are at risk for developing gestational diabetes and thereafter reduce or eliminate the risk of unfavourable outcomes for both mother and child associated with gestational diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance test is the widely accepted screening test conducted between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about risk factors and screening benefits in pregestational and early gestational diabetes.