Objective: A Health Belief Model seems promising as a framework for examining contraceptive behavior. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of application of a Health Belief Model on changing mothers' beliefs regarding birth spacing in rural areas. Methods: Design: A quasi experimental pre-post-test design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of application of a Health Belief Model on changing mothers' beliefs regarding birth spacing. Subjects: A simple random sample of 150 postpartum women were selected from the Maternal Child Health centers at El Hmoul and Shobra Blola villages, Menouf at Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Instruments: (1) A Birth Spacing Interview Questionnaire to assess socio demographic data, reproductive history, knowledge about birth spacing, and mothers' practices regarding birth spacing; (2) Perceived Benefits Questionnaire to assess a Health Belief Model constructs such as perceived susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation and cues to action. Results: It was illustrated that regarding the perception of benefits of using contraception, 94% of the subjects agreed that benefits outweighed side effects and 100% of the subjects agreed that using contraceptive improved maternal health. Regarding the perception of barriers of using contraceptives, 90% of the subjects disagreed that using contraceptive increased their susceptibility to cancer. Conclusions: Application of a Health Belief Model proved to be effective in changing the health beliefs about birth spacing.

Background: Diabetes, a metabolic disorder, has reached epidemic proportions in developed and developing countries. So, the Use of High-Definition Video Technology has gained acceptance as a tool for improving diabetes management. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of using High-definition video technology on diabetes management. Methods: Subjects: All 120 diabetic children, in the Diabetic center in the EL Mogamaa EL Teby AL Shamal, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Instruments: It consisted of four tools: 1) Questionnaire for socio demographic data; 2) Questionnaire for nutritional practices and practicing of exercise; 3) Observational checklists, guidelines for testing urine reagent strips for acetone or sugar, guidelines for Diabetic foot and nails care and guidelines Steps in Performing a capillary blood glucose test by using the home device; 4) Diabetic child's investigations' results (fasting blood glucose level, postprandial blood glucose level and glycosylated hemoglobin level) were collected from child's record. All tools were used for pre-post intervention. Results: The study showed a statistical significant reduction in fasting blood sugar, Post prandial blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin level of cases group after intervention (120.57 + 29.13, 165.57 + 29.13 and 7.08 + 1.56, respectively) compared with cases group before intervention (166.37 + 27.66, 232.80 + 57.02 and 9.61 + 1.94, respectively). Also, there was statistical significant improvement in care of feet and nails, blood glucose monitoring and nutritional practices of cases group after intervention (64.25 + 2.81, 36.35 + 2.44, and 10.88 + 1.45, respectively) compared with control group (23.21 + 1.37, 17.63 + 2.11, and 5.28 + 1.37, respectively). Conclusions: The implementation teaching-assisted High-Definition Video Technology has succeeded in achieving significant improvement in diabetic children' diabetes management practices skills. Recommendations: implementation of teaching-assisted High-definition video technology for all patients' health education fields.

Adolescents are a unique target group as optimal growth during this period is considered to be of main importance in maintaining good health thereafter. Calcium deficiency in early adolescence is one of the most common reported nutritional problems globally. Aim: To examine the effectiveness of nutrition intervention based on health belief model for promoting dietary calcium intake among adolescent girl students. Methods: Design: A quasi-experimental (study and control group) design. Subjects: Simple random sampling composed of 200 adolescent girl students aged 12-15 years. Setting: This study was conducted at four preparatory schools from rural and urban schools in Shebin El-Kom and El-Shohadaa districts at Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Instruments: 1. A structured interview questionnaire that comprises socio-demographic data and environmental data about dietary calcium intake.2. Students' knowledge questionnaire related dietary calcium intake. 3. Students' practice habits questionnaire related dietary calcium intake. 4. Health belief model construct questionnaire related to dietary calcium intake. 5.Calcium rich food frequency questionnaire. Results: The findings of this study revealed a significant improvement in adolescent girls' awareness, and practice level related to dietary calcium intake in the study group as compared to the control group. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the mean total of dietary daily calcium consumption (mg) in the study group (1231.04±221.01) compared to 904.47±183.38 in the controls group. Besides, HBM structures mean score were significant higher including perceived benefits of calcium-rich foods consumption, susceptibility to the occurrence of diseases, risk resulting from the deficiency of calcium intake, and self-efficacy, while found a significant decrease in barriers to obtaining enough calcium in the study group compared to control group. Conclusion: Nutrition intervention based on HBM had a positive effect on promoting adolescent girls' awareness, and practice habits related to dietary calcium intake as well as promoting dietary daily calcium consumption. Recommendations: The need for establishing nutrition interventions based on HBM in schools to promote adolescent girls' calcium intakes, as well as emphasizing on parents and providing recommendations for enhancing calcium-rich food availability at home.

Background: Healthcare workers are the most vulnerable to COVID-19 because of the nature of their work, which exposes them to COVID-19-infected people on a daily basis. Because anxiety affects everyone, whether they are frontline health workers or hospital administrative and support staff. The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 pandemic induced anxiety, knowledge, and preventive measures practices among non-medical healthcare workers in quarantine hospitals. Methods:-Cross-sectional descriptive design was used to attain the aim of the study. Setting: This study was carried out at four quarantine hospitals in Shebin El-Kom and Elshohadaa city, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Three out of four quarantine hospitals were selected from Shebin El-Kom city, and one out of two quarantine hospitals were selected from Elshohadaa city, using a simple random sample technique. Subjects: A simple random sample of 340 non-medical healthcare workers from quarantine hospitals was chosen from four different profession categories including patient affairs office, security officer, receptionists, and accountants. Tools for data collection: A constructed interview questionnaire involved socio-demographic information; COVID-19 pandemic induced anxiety scale, COVID-19 pandemic knowledge questionnaire and preventive measures practices toward COVID-19 pandemic questionnaire. Results:-The current study's findings found that 51.8% of the studied non-medical healthcare workers had COVID-19 pandemic induced anxiety, 62.4% had better knowledge about COVID-19 pandemic, and more than half (58.8%) had good preventive measures practices about COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between non-medical healthcare workers knowledge and preventive measures practices, while there was no significant correlation between anxiety and COVID-19 pandemic knowledge and preventive measures practices among non-medical healthcare workers. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic induced anxiety was experienced by more than half of the non-medical healthcare workers in the study. Good preventive measures practices were associated with increased knowledge toward COVID-19 pandemic. All non-medical healthcare workers in health facilities should receive educational as well as psychological intervention to raise their awareness of COVID-19 pandemic and assist them in overcoming anxiety.