RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar los procesos de reforma del sistema de salud implementados en ocho países de América Latina y evaluar sus resultados en las condiciones de acceso y cobertura de salud. Métodos Se combina una caracterización de los procesos de transformación de los sistemas de salud de Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, México, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay con la evaluación de sus condiciones de acceso y cobertura, mediante el uso de encuestas nacionales de hogares representativos de los países estudiados. Resultados Cinco países introdujeron cambios para ampliar la cobertura financiera, con perspectivas de atención primaria limitadas a la expansión de paquetes de servicios de salud, mientras que tres países priorizaron cambios en la organización de los servicios de salud, con una perspectiva más integral de la atención primaria de salud. Los países ubicados en el primer grupo aumentan la cobertura del seguro pero sin mejoras en el acceso a los servicios de salud. En el segundo grupo de países, aunque ha mostrado mejoras, persisten altos niveles de barreras de acceso. Conclusiones Las reformas de los sistemas de salud pueden caracterizarse en función del tipo de transformaciones promovidas. Las reformas centradas en expandir la cobertura de seguros mejoran la cobertura financiera, aunque no se traducen en cambios positivos en el acceso. Las reformas que priorizan la transformación en la organización de los servicios de salud logran avances en el acceso, pero aún persisten altos niveles de la población que reportan barreras de acceso en esos países. Las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población y la inestabilidad de las políticas son obstáculos para lograr avances más significativos.

Objective. To present summary measures of socioeconomic inequalities in access barriers to health services in Colombia, El Salvador, Paraguay, and Peru. Methods. This cross-sectional study used data from nationally - representative household surveys in Colombia, El Salvador, Peru, and Paraguay to analyze income-related inequalities in barriers to seeking health services. Households that reported having a health problem (disease/accident) and not seeking professional health care were considered to be facing access barriers. The measures of inequality were the slope index of inequality and relative index of inequality. Results. Inequality trends were mixed across the four countries. All showed improvement, but large inequality gaps persisted between the highest and lowest income quintiles, despite health care reforms. Relative inequality gaps were highest in Colombia (60%), followed by Paraguay (30%), Peru (20%), and El Salvador (20%). Conclusions. The effect of national policy initiatives on equity to accessing health services should be the object of future analysis. There is also a need for research on national and regional monitoring of access barriers and explanatory factors for why people do not seek care, even when having a health problem.

RESUMEN El objetivo del trabajo es construir un marco conceptual de monitoreo sobre los avances de políticas y acciones orientadas a alcanzar la salud universal. Se revisaron modelos conceptuales y propuestas metodológicas relacionados con el monitoreo del acceso y la cobertura universal de salud. Se realizó también una revisión de la literatura para seleccionar indicadores relevantes. Esta revisión fue complementada con un proceso de consulta con expertos en sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas. Se desarrolló un marco integral para el monitoreo de políticas y acciones para el acceso y la cobertura universal de salud. El marco de monitoreo contiene cuatro componentes (acciones estratégicas, resultados inmediatos, resultados intermedios y resultados de impacto) e identifica un conjunto de opciones políticas para guiar la transformación de los sistemas de salud hacia el acceso y la cobertura universal de salud. Se eligieron 64 indicadores entre un total de 500 indicadores para la evaluación de los componentes del marco de monitoreo. El abordaje propuesto para la utilización del marco se basa en la medición de inequidades en las condiciones de acceso y cobertura, así como en la recolección de evidencia cualitativa sobre el grado de ejecución de políticas y acciones. El marco propuesto podría contribuir a fortalecer los procesos de transformación de los sistemas de salud para avanzar hacia el acceso y la cobertura universal de salud.

Objective. To identify advantages and challenges of using household survey data to measure access barriers to health services in the Americas and to report findings from most recent surveys. Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study using data retrieved from publicly available nationally representative household surveys carried out in 27 countries of the Americas. Values for indicators of access barriers for forgone care were generated using available datasets and reports from the countries. Results were disaggregated by wealth quintiles according to income or asset-based wealth levels. Results. Most surveys were similar in general approach and in the categories of their content. However, country-specific questionnaires varied by country, which hindered cross-country comparisons. On average, about one-third of people experienced multiple barriers to forgone appropriate care. There was great variability between countries in the experience of these barriers, although disparities were relatively consistent across countries. People in the poorest wealth quintile were more likely to experience barriers related to acceptability issues, financial and geographic access, and availability of resources. Conclusions. The analysis indicates major inequalities by wealth status and uneven progress in multiple access barriers that hinder progress towards the goals of equity as part of the Sustainable Development Goals and universal health in the Americas. Access barriers were multiple, which highlights the need for integrated and multisectoral approaches to tackle them. Given the variability between instruments across countries, future efforts are needed to standardize questionnaires and improve data quality and availability for regional monitoring of access barriers.

Objective. To map the range of access barriers indicators for which data can be derived from household surveys in the Americas. Methods. A systematic mapping review study was conducted to identify access dimensions and indicators of access barriers for general health services already described in the literature; and identify whether data for those indicators could be derived from household surveys in the Americas and what was the methodology used in these surveys. Results. The study found 49 eligible surveys (287 datasets) from 31 countries in the Americas from which 23 measures of access barriers could be generated. These indicators measure self-reported access barriers for unmet healthcare needs through forgone care, as well as delayed care, unsatisfaction with care and experiences during health service provision. Multiple barriers could be identified, although there was marked heterogeneity in variables included and how barriers were measured. Conclusions. This study identified tracer indicators that countries in the Americas could use to monitor the population that experience healthcare needs but fail to seek and obtain appropriate healthcare, and what the main barriers are. The surveys identified are well validated and allow the disaggregation of these indicators by equity stratifiers. Given the variability of the methodologies used in these surveys, comparability across countries could be limited. As such, their virtue lies in helping stakeholders compare levels of access barriers over time for a given country or a group of countries. Country buy-in will directly affect the extent to which access barriers data are collected, reported, and used.