Objective:The aim of this study is to determine the effect of laser diode as an alternative treatment on liver dysfunction (in vivo study) that is caused by carbofuran using male mice (Mus musculus) strain Balb/C.Materials and Methods:The samples were divided into three groups, namely, Group C–L– (control group, no treatment), Group C+L– (only treated by carbofuran treatment), and Group C+L+ (treatment group, treated by carbofuran and laser-puncture) with five replications each. After being treated, each liver slice of samples was observed using microscope to get the histology result and then scored.Results:Carbofuran contamination can lead to inflammation of cells and necrosis. The histology results and the scoring test showed that the liver cells repair with the energy dose of laser diode at 0.5 and 1.0 Joule.Conclusion:The optimum energy dose in this study was 1.0 Joule which had the closest score of inflammatory cells and necrosis to normal liver cells.

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Biofilms have higher levels of antibiotic resistance compared to bacteria, so the alternatives are needed as therapy for diseases caused by biofilm infections. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) has the advantage of being a safe alternative that involves molecular-level photochemical reactions. The use of different types of exogenous photosensitizers (PS) was done to compare their effectiveness. Turmeric extract containing curcumin has good effectiveness in PDT, whereas nanodoxycycline as an antibiotic has a fairly broad absorption spectrum and is effective as PS. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on infections by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causing periodontitis using exogenous organic and non-organic photosensitisers (PS). The A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm had been grown on 96-well microplate for 72 hours incubation time. The samples were divided into three groups, treated with Laser diode, Laser + Turmeric Extract 0.5%, and Laser + Nanodoxycycline 0.1%. Treatment was done with a variety of exposure times: 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 seconds. The data were analyzed using ANOVA test. The results of data analysis showed that diode laser irradiation treatment with endogenous porphyrin, diode laser with Curcumin and diode laser with nanodoxycycline produced significantly different biofilm reductions. Treatment with diode laser irradiation at various energy densities (4.15, 8.28, 12.44, 16.59, and 20.73 J/cm2) showed no significant difference in reducing bacterial biofilm. The treatment with diode and curcumin, and the treatment with diode laser irradiation and nanodoxycyclin showed a significant difference. Diode laser irradiation of 20.73 J/cm2 with irradiation time of 150 seconds resulted in the greatest reduction of biofilm 14.94%, diode laser irradiation + Curcumin 47.82%, and diode laser irradiation + nanodoxycyclin 53.76%. Therefore, PDT using a diode laser combined with exogenous PS extract of curcumin and nanodoxycycline is more effective to reduce bacterial biofilms.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has caused negative effect on biological environment. As non–moving living things, plants have their own response to reduce the negative effect by increasing flavonoid accumulation, such as red betel (Piper crocatum), which help the plant’s protection from bacteria. In Indonesia, red betel has been used as a herb treatment, especially in oral treatment. This study aims to optimise the antibacterial effect of red betel extract on oral bacteria, Streptococcus mutans, by irradiating UV. Kirby-Bauer method of disk diffusion test was used on this study by showing the bacteria’s diameter of inhibition zone. The samples distribution was devided into two groups, group (L–R+), control group, only used red betel extract without UV irradiation and group (L+R+) treatment combination of UV irradiation and red betel extract. The results showed that group L+R+ had better antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans, proven by the bigger inhibition zone, than group L–R+. UV irradiation for 12 hours showed the best result on each treatment with diameter of inhibition zone (15.00 ± 0.05) mm for 10 watt and (15.96 ± 0.05) mm for 15 watt. So, it is proven that UV irradiation can increase the antibacterial effect of red betel extract.