Absorption characteristics of Cu 2+ , Mn 3+ and Cr 3+ ions in ternary silicate (20Na 2 O⋅ ⋅10RO⋅ ⋅70SiO 2 , where R=Ca, Sr, Ba) glasses were investigated. The intensities of absorption bands due to Cu 2+ ion was found to increase with increasing ionic radii of the alkaline earth ions whereas it was found to decrease in case of Mn 3+ and Cr 3+ ions with increasing ionic radii of the alkaline earth ions. The results were discussed in the light of relation between linear extinction coefficients of these ions and coulombic force of alkaline earth ions. The change in intensities of Cu 2+ , Mn 3+ and Cr 3+ ion is attributed due to change in silicate glass compositions.

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The purpose of this research is: 1) to develop the model and produce the assessment of creative curriculum-based learning program multiple intelligences (MI), 2) to know the characteristics and impacts of developed product models. Research using multi-years by method R & D (Research and Development) with two phases; First phase: 1) Preliminary survey stage, 2) definition stage, 3) design phase, 4) trial stage, and 5) development stage; The second phase: 1) the instrument design stage through the Forum Group Discussion, 2) the product trial phase of 100 children in Sleman Regency, 3) wide-scale implementation of 200 children in Yogyakarta Province, 4) the evaluation phase with construct analysis and achievement of research subjects' performance, 5) the stage of measuring the effectiveness of the product with user perception. The subject comprises 200 children of early childhood and 20 kindergarten teachers in 10 kindergartens in the Yogyakarta province in Indonesia, by the approach of Reflective Measurement Theory (RMT). The results showed that: 1) the MI-based creative curriculum assessment model was developed to meet valid, reliable and conformity criteria of an empirical data model, 2) The implementation of the assessment model had fulfilled the requirements worthy of using three criteria aspect; 1) The results of the assessment using creative instruments based on multiple intelligences on children get "very good" results, 2) the readiness of the teacher in learning is included in the "good" category; 3) teacher performance appraisal shows the "very good" category, and 4) the benefits of the products developed are in the "very good" category. It was concluded that the developed product had tested empirically and practically so that it was useful in learning in early childhood.

Approaches to control basal ganglia neural activity in real-time are needed to clarify the causal role of 8-35 Hz ("beta band") oscillatory dynamics in the manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD) motor signs. Here, we show that resonant beta oscillations evoked by electrical stimulation with precise amplitude and timing can be used to predictably suppress or amplify spontaneous beta band activity in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) in the human. Using this approach, referred to as closed-loop evoked interference deep brain stimulation (eiDBS), we could suppress or amplify frequency-specific (16-22 Hz) neural activity in a PD patient. Amplification of targeted oscillations led to an increase in the variance of motor tracking delays, supporting the hypothesis that pallidal beta oscillations are linked to motor performance. Our results highlight the utility of eiDBS to characterize the pathophysiology of PD and other brain conditions in the human and develop personalized neuromodulation therapies.