Introduction: Doppler ultrasound is the commonest diagnostic tool used to evaluate the internal, external and common carotid arteries (CCA). Peak systolic velocity (PSV) is the best Doppler parameter for quantifying carotid artery degree of stenosis. Materials and methods: Normal Doppler waveforms of 24 CCA from 12 healthy individuals of age 22e28 years were analysed in the department of radiology, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong. PSV, EDV and RI at 9 MHz transducer frequencies and variable DR of 35,45,55,65,75 &85 Decibels (dB) were compared. Statistical analysis: One-Way repeated measures ANOVA; parameters expressed as Mean AE SEM. p value significant at <0.05. Aim: To study the effect of variable dynamic ranges (DR) on the PSV, end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) of CCA. Results: For PSV of the right CCA at 9 MHz, there was significant differences on variable DR as determined by One-Way repeated measures ANOVA [F (5, 55) Z 5.54, p < 0.05]. There was however no significant differences in the PSV of the left CCA; EDV and RI at variable dynamic ranges in both the right and left CCA. Summarised mean value for all PSV of both sides shows significant difference between variable dynamic ranges as determined by One-Way repeated measures ANOVA [F (5, 115) Z 2.85, p < 0.05] and Post-hoc analysis revealed that there was a significant difference only between 35 dB to 55 dB and 85 dB.

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Background and purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in scrub typhus meningoencephalitis is non-specific, and in the majority of the cases, conventional MRI fails to detect any abnormality. However, autopsy reports depict central nervous system involvement in almost all patients. There is therefore a need for research on the quantitative assessment of brain parenchyma that can detect microstructural abnormalities. The study aimed to assess the microstructural integrity changes of scrub typhus meningoencephalitis by using different diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. Seven patients and seven age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. Different DTI parameters such as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), fractional anisotropy (FA), relative anisotropy (RA), trace, volume ratio (VR) and geodesic anisotropy (GA) were obtained from six different regions of subcortical white matter at the level of the centrum semiovale. Intergroup significant difference was determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to determine the accuracy of the DTI matrices. Results There was a significant decrease in FA, RA and GA as well as an increase in ADC and VR in the subcortical white matter in patients with scrub typhus meningoencephalitis compared to controls ( p < 0.001). The maximum sensitivity of the DTI parameters was 85.7%, and the maximum specificity was 81%. Conclusion There was an alteration of subcortical white-matter integrity in scrub typhus meningoencephalitis that represents the axonal degeneration, myelin breakdown and neuronal degeneration. DTI may be a useful tool to detect white-matter abnormalities in scrub typhus meningoencephalitis in clinical practice, particularly in patients with negative conventional MRI.

Mueller Weiss Syndrome is a rare, under-diagnosed cause of chronic mid foot pain despite having well-described imaging features. It is historically described as spontaneous adult-onset osteonecrosis of the navicular bone. The disease commonly affects bilateral navicular bones in women in the fifth decade of life. Nearly a century after its first description as a disease entity, the exact etiopathogenesis is still not well understood. From a radiographic point of view weight-bearing radiographs of the foot remains the mainstay in diagnosis. Characteristic imaging findings include the lateral collapse of navicular, dorsomedial subluxation of the remnant navicular, and lateral deviation of the talus (hind-foot varus). Progressive disease leads to pes planus and secondary osteoarthritis of the talonavicular joint with or without the involvement of other midfoot joints. Severe disease may show “listhesis navicularis” and talo-cuneiform neo-articulation. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can be used as adjuncts, especially to detect changes in the initial stage of the disease and early osteoarthritic features.

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