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Since its approval by the US FDA in 1986, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been employed to monitor men with a diagnosis of prostate cancer. In 1994, PSA was approved for use in prostate cancer screening and has been employed worldwide. However, due to the limited specificity of PSA for the disease, novel biomarkers are needed for detecting prostate cancer and for determining which cancers need to be treated. This review will discuss the development of new biomarkers for prostate cancer detection and disease prognostication, focusing on recent progress and particular topical issues related to the development and validation of these new markers.

Introduction: This study was undertaken to develop knowledge of ultrasound characteristics of germ cell testicular neoplasms, associate these characteristics with histopathologic tumor types, and lay a foundation for study of ultrasound findings in benign versus malignant testicular lesions. Materials and Methods: The medical records and ultrasound images of 107 patients with testicular tumor were reviewed. Demographic and clinical characteristics and ultrasound findings of patients with seminoma were compared to those of patients with non-seminoma. Results: 55 patients had seminoma (1 bilateral) and 52 non-seminoma. Ultrasound images of seminoma were more often hypoechoic, homogeneous, and lobulated than those of non-seminoma (p < 0.001). Images of non-seminoma were more often heterogeneous and cystic (p < 0.001). There was no difference in tumor size, multiplicity, presence of calcium or lesion margination. Testicular microlithiasis was more common in seminoma (p < 0.02). Conclusion: Careful analysis of ultrasound images can permit an educated assessment of testicular tumor histopathology.

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Age specific and race specific prostate specific antigen ranges are flawed. Many patients who would not be considered for biopsy based on these prostate specific antigen ranges are at significant risk for high grade prostate cancer. The risk of high grade prostate cancer in black men is twice that in white men. Risk assessment in black men and older men is necessary to diagnose high grade prostate cancer when treatment can be effective.