We examine the propensity of respondents to choose the status quo (SQ) or current situation alternative as a function of complexity in two separate state-of-the-world choice experiments. Complexity in each choice set was characterized as the number of single and multiple changes in levels of attributes from the current situation and the order of the choice task in the sequence of multiple tasks provided to respondents. We show that increasing complexity leads to increased choice of the SQ and that a respondent's age and level of education also influenced this choice. We outline the effects of the alternate approaches for incorporating the SQ into welfare measurement. These findings have implications for the design of stated preference experiments, examining passive use values and for empirical analysis leading to welfare measurement.

No abstract

Basaloid follicular hamartoma is a relatively rare benign neoplasm of follicular origin that can be mistaken histologically for basal cell carcinoma, but hereditary forms of basaloid follicular hamartoma are associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, or Gorlin syndrome. The pathophysiology of basaloid follicular hamartoma development involves mutations in the patched gene, which is also causative in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. We present a mother and daughter with basaloid follicular hamartomas, with genetic testing confirming patched gene mutation in the daughter.

A 5-year-old, otherwise healthy, female presented to the dermatology clinic with a 1-year history of a raised lesion on her right upper chest ( Figure 1). Her parents originally believed it was a mosquito bite; however, it continued to enlarge over time. While occasionally tender, no bleeding, crusting, or discharge from this solitary lesion was reported.Physical examination revealed a 2.0-cm by 1.5-cm rubbery, smooth, mobile tumor with overlying telangiectasias and erythema on the right chest. The tumor was nontender; neither tent sign nor punctum was visible. A skin biopsy and subsequent excision revealed a well-demarcated dermal tumor composed of mononuclear histiocytes and osteoclast-like giant cells arranged in a plexiform pattern on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections. (Figure 2A).Throughout the specimen, no necrosis or cellular pleomorphism was appreciated ( Figure 2B). The lesional cells were highlighted with vimentin and CD68 ( Figure 2C). MITF, S-100, and pancytokeratin stains were negative. Smooth muscle actin highlighted small vascular channels but was negative in the lesional cells. Between the plexifom collections of histocytes, a collagen stroma was noted, which showed some areas of sclerosis. These features established the diagnosis of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor. In the excisional specimen, the tumor extended to the margins, and re-excision did not show any residual lesion. | ME THODSA review of previously published literature was performed to identify case reports, case series, reviews, and retrospective studies that described novel cases of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor (PFT).Using the National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed tool, the search was narrowed using the key terms of "plexiform," "fibrohistiocytic," and "tumor." The inclusion criteria included the aforementioned study types whose individual cases demonstrated histologic evidence of PFT diagnosis, namely histiocytes and giant cells arranged in a plexiform pattern of dermal tumor nodules.Exclusion criteria included studies published in a language other than English and lack of appropriate histologic diagnostic features.Tumors occurring in adults were included as well for completeness. AbstractPlexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor (PFT) is a rare neoplasm of mesenchymal origin that can be identified by its propensity for children and adolescents combined with a characteristic histologic arrangement of histiocytes and osteoclast-like giant cells whorled within tumor islands. A 5-year-old female presented with a raised, intermittently tender, and slowly enlarging tumor on her chest, which was histologically confirmed to be a PFT. We present this case along with a comprehensive review of PFT cases reported in the literature to describe the demographic, histologic, and rarely metastatic behavior of this entity. It is important to include PFT on the differential diagnosis of an enlarging tumor in the pediatric population. K E Y W O R D Sdermatopathology, lumps/bumps, neoplasms-benign