XN WPC demonstrated superior efficiency of abnormal WBC flags on paediatric samples, compared to the XE-5000, with greater sensitivity and specificity of flagging, reducing blood films for review.

Interstitial cystitis is an enigmatic and frustrating condition to manage as a physician and to cope with as a patient. Traditionally, it has been defined as a chronic sterile inflammatory disease of the bladder of unknown aetiology. However, the International Continence Society prefers the term painful bladder syndrome and it has been decided to follow this terminology and refer to the disease as painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). The condition is characterized by bladder pain, urinary frequency, urgency and nocturia. The quality of life of patients with PBS/IC is significantly degraded. Its aetiology is unknown, but might involve microbiologic, immunologic, mucosal, neurogenic and other yet unidentified agents. History, physical examination, urine analysis and culture as well as cystoscopy and hydrodistension are useful diagnostic tools but the final diagnosis tends to be a diagnosis of exclusion. This article will review the major theories of aetiology for PBS/IC and discuss diagnosis as well as the current treatment options with relevance to the proposed aetiologies.

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A 49-year-old woman with history of rheumatoid arthritis presented with worsening pelvic pain. A pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a fracture and a lytic expansile lesion within the right superior and inferior pubic rami. The diagnosis of "insufficiency fractures secondary to rheumatoid arthritis" was established. Six months later, she started describing pain and fullness sensation in the vagina which eventually led to a complete apareunia. An x ray confirmed healing of the previous fractures, fracture of both left superior and inferior pubic rami, and an upwards shift of the right hemi-pelvis. Conservative management was chosen. Twelve months later, no improvement occurred and she was still apareunic. A "corrective osteotomy surgery" was performed and the displaced pubic rami and ischial tuberosities were remodelled bilaterally through a vertical incision over each labia majora. These bones were partially excised until an adequate vaginal opening was established. Her symptoms have impressively resolved with complete reverse of the apareunia.