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We synthesized the literature (articles published between 1990 and May 2011) on the treatment of noncyclic and mixed cyclic/noncyclic chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in adult women. Two reviewers assessed studies against predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria, extracted data regarding participant and intervention characteristics and outcomes, and assigned overall quality and strength of evidence ratings. Of 2081 studies, 21 addressed surgical or nonsurgical interventions. Definitions of CPP and participant characteristics varied across studies, and most studies were of poor quality, which precluded data synthesis. Although surgical and nonsurgical approaches both improved pain, neither was more effective when directly compared in 3 studies. Laparoscopic adhesiolysis or laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation did not further improve pain scores over diagnostic laparoscopy. The evidence to conclude that surgical intervention is either effective or ineffective or that one technique is superior to another is insufficient. Most studies on nonsurgical approaches evaluated hormonal therapies in endometriosis-associated CPP and were not placebo controlled. Few studies addressed nonhormonal or nonpharmacologic approaches. Harms reporting was limited. Overall, no nonsurgical treatment was more or less effective than another, except for the clear negative effect of raloxifene. In general, the literature addressing therapies for CPP in women is of poor quality and inconclusive. Improved characterizations of the targeted condition and interventions in CPP research, including a uniform definition and standardized evaluation, are necessary to inform treatment choices.

This review summarizes possible complications related to the Trendelenburg position and current evidence regarding interventions to minimize the risk of complications.

Objective To investigate the incidence and pre-operative risk factors for developing pelvic pain after hysteroscopic sterilization using the Essure™ micro-inserts Design Retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting University Medical Center Patients A total of 458 patients who underwent hysteroscopic sterilization with Essure™ between January 1, 2005 and June 30, 2012. Results The incidence of acute pelvic pain after hysteroscopic sterilization was 8.1%, and the incidence of persistent pain after 3 months post-procedure was 4.2%. The range of presentation with pain was 1 to 469 days, with a mean time of 56 days. Of the patients that developed chronic pelvic pain after the procedure, 75% presented within 130 days of the procedure. Patients with previous diagnoses of any chronic pain (chronic pelvic pain, chronic low back pain, chronic headache, and fibromyalgia) were more likely to report both acute pain (OR 6.81, 95% CI 2.95,15.73) and chronic pain (OR 6.15, 95% CI 2.10,18.10) after hysteroscopic sterilization. Conclusions Pelvic pain may develop after hysteroscopic sterilization. Patients with preexisting chronic pain diagnoses may be at increased risk of developing pelvic pain after the procedure. Fifty percent of new pelvic pain after Essure™ placement will resolve by 3 months.