Summaryobjective To determine the association between selected admission risk factors and in-hospital mortality in patients admitted with venomous snake bite to a rural tertiary care hospital in central India. conclusions In our rural hospital setting, the overall mortality rate was 11 per 100 cases of snake bite. Vomiting, neurotoxicity and serum creatinine are significant predictors of mortality among inpatients with snake bite. These predictors can help clinicians assess prognosis of their patients more accurately and parsimoniously and also serve as useful signposts for clinical decision-making.

In the United Kingdom, patients with a peritonsillar abscess are usually managed as inpatients. However, studies in other countries have shown successful management of these patients as outpatients. We designed an evidence based protocol for the management of patients with a peritonsillar abscess. Diagnosis was by aspiration of pus. Initial treatment was with analgesia, 1.2 g co-amoxiclav and 4 mg dexamethasone intravenously. Data were collected prospectively over 11 months on the management of all patients who had been confirmed by aspiration of pus to have a peritonsillar abscess. Four of the 46 patients (9%) treated as per the protocol required admission, two immediately and two later on. Of the 44 patients initially treated as outpatients, 41 said they were happy to have been treated as outpatients and not admitted to hospital (93%). Patients with a peritonsillar abscess can be managed successfully as outpatients with a high degree of patient satisfaction.

We conclude that operative death is the most costly outcome; length of stay is an unreliable indicator of hospital cost, especially at the high end of the cost spectrum; risks of increased hospital cost are different than those for perioperative mortality or increased length of stay; and ventricular dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing urgent operations for other than coronary disease is associated with increased cost. Certain patient factors, such as preoperative anemia and congestive heart failure, are amenable to preoperative intervention to reduce costs, and a high-risk patient profile can serve as a target for cost-reduction strategies.

Background: Duloxetine hydrochloride is an antidepressant drug also approved for diabetic neuropathy, anxiety disorders, and fibromyalgia requiring repeated administration on chronic basis. The objective of this study was to develop a transdermal drug delivery system for duloxetine hydrochloride as a once daily dosage form. Methods: Transdermal patches were prepared by solvent evaporation method employing controlled release grades of HPMC in presence or absence of plasticizer PEG-400. FTIR and Differential scanning calorimetry ruled out drug polymer interactions. Standard procedures were used to analyze the prepared films for various physicochemical parameters, drug release (Franz diffusion cell) and skin irritation test. Results: The formulations were uniform in their physical characteristics with low water vapor absorption, moisture loss and water vapor transmission implying excellent quality and uniformity in patch characteristics. The patches were devoid of hypersensitivity reactions on rat skin. The in-vitro and ex-vivo drug release studies for all the formulations showed that the first dose of the drug was released in 2.0-3.0 h and nearly complete release (94%) was achieved in 24 h. Conclusions: Transdermal patches were successfully prepared for duloxetine hydrochloride and their evaluation suggested excellent quality and uniformity in patch characteristics. This can have potential applications in therapeutic arena offering advantages in terms of reduced dosing frequency, improved patient compliance and bioavailability.

Although pleural effusion is a common disorder among patients presenting with respiratory symptoms, there is limited evidence on the accuracy and reliability of symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of pleural effusion. In our study, conducted at a rural hospital in India, two physicians, blind to history and chest radiograph findings, and to each other's results, independently evaluated 278 patients (196 men), aged 12 and older, admitted with respiratory symptoms. We did a blind and independent comparison of physical signs (asymmetric chest expansion, vocal fremitus, percussion note, breath sounds, crackles, vocal resonance and auscultatory percussion) with the reference standard (chest radiograph). We measured diagnostic accuracy by computing sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs), and inter-observer reliability by using kappa (kappa) statistic. We performed multivariate analysis to identify the clinical signs that independently predict pleural effusion. The prevalence of pleural effusion was 21% (57/278). The LRs of positive signs ranged from 1.48 to 8.14 and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) excluded 1. Except for pleural rub, the LRs for negative signs ranged between 0.13 and 0.71. The interobserver agreement was excellent for chest expansion, vocal fremitus, percussion and breath sounds (kappa 0.84-0.89) and good for vocal resonance, crackles and auscultatory percussion (kappa 0.68-0.78). The independent predictors of pleural effusion were asymmetric chest expansion (odds ratio [OR] 5.22, 95% CI 2.06-13.23), and dull percussion note (OR 12.80, 95% CI 4.23-38.70). For the final multivariate model, the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) was 0.88. In conclusion, our data suggest that physical signs may be helpful to rule out but not rule in pleural effusion.