Introduction:Gonial angle is an important parameter of the craniofacial complex giving an indication about the vertical parameters and symmetry of the facial skeleton. Both orthopantomogram (OPG) and lateral cephalograms can be used for the measurement of gonial angle. Because of the superimpositions seen on lateral cephalograms, reliable measurement of the gonial angle becomes difficult. The aim of the present study is to check the possible application and reliability of OPG for gonial angle determination by clarifying whether there is any significant difference between the determination of gonial angle from OPG and cephalogram.Materials and Methods:Gonial angle measurements were made on lateral cephalograms and orthopantomograms of 98 patients - 44 males (mean age 25.9 years) and 54 females (mean age 21.3 years), and compared using Statistical Package for Social Sciences.Results:One-way analysis of variance demonstrated no significant differences between the values of gonial angles determined by lateral cephalogram and panoramic radiography. Pearson correlation showed a high correlation between cephalometric and OPG gonial angle value.Conclusion:Panoramic radiography can be used to determine the gonial angle as accurately as a lateral cephalogram. For determination of the gonial angle, an OPG may be a better choice than a lateral cephalogram as there are no interferences due to superimposed images of anatomical structures as in a lateral cephalogram. Thus, the present study substantiates the possibility of enhancing the clinical versatility of the panoramic radiograph, which is an indispensable tool for dental diagnosis.

Aims and Objectives:Transmigration is a rare phenomenon seen almost exclusively in the mandibular canines. The aim of the present study is to review transmigration phenomenon.Materials and Methods:Appropriate guidelines for a systematic review were followed. The time period selected for the present systematic review was 2001–2016. The studies were selected from various electronic databases on the basis of their title, study, design, keywords, and abstracts. A total of 150 citations were searched initially, and after proper screening, 59 relevant articles were included. Additional data was obtained by searching journals and reference lists.Results:The literature search shows that transmigration is more frequent in the mandible than maxilla. The etiology of the condition is obscure; however, multiple factors have been attributed to the condition. They are more readily recognized now with the advent of panoramic radiographs. Transmigration is a rare anomaly causing varied manifestations and requires an interdisciplinary approach for management.Conclusion:Early diagnosis of impacted canines is mandatory for timely treatment to ensure facial harmony and improved function.

A supernumerary tooth is an additional entity to the normal series and can be seen in all quadrants of the jaw. Occurrence may be single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral, erupted or impacted in one or in both jaws. Multiple supernumeraries are rare in individuals with no other associated disease or syndromes. The conditions commonly associated with an increased prevalence of supernumerary teeth include cleft lip and palate, cleidocranial dysplasia and Gardner syndrome. The supplemental supernumerary refers to a duplication of teeth in normal series and is found at the end of a tooth series. A supplemental tooth may closely resemble the teeth of the group to which it belongs or it may bear little resemblance in size or shape to the teeth with which it is associated. This report presents a case with bilateral supplemental upper permanent lateral incisors without any symptoms of associated disorders.

Apexification is a method to induce a calcific barrier across an open apex of an immature, pulpless tooth. Apical closure occurs approximately three years after eruption. Traumatic injuries to young permanent teeth before root formation is complete commonly occur in children resulting in open apex. This can be treated by Surgical or Non - Surgical treatment modalities. Non surgical treatment modalities include various methods such as Customized cone, Short fill technique, Apexification with various materials and One visit apexification. Various materials that can be used for apexification include Calcium hydroxide, MTA, Tricalcium phosphate, Dentin chips, Calcium phosphate ceramics and hydroxyapatite and bone morphogenetic proteins. Calcium hydroxide is the most common and traditional material employed for inducing apexification. This is a multi visit technique requiring six months to four years to complete.

In the last years, a significant development has taken place in the orthodontic treatment of adult Patients. Adult orthodontics is different than that for children because in adults there is virtual no more growth and because there are changes in the tooth supporting structures: the periodontium. The orthodontic treatment is carried out through the medium of periodontium so a healthy tooth supporting system is the essential prerequisite for carrying out the orthodontic treatment. At the same time, as the tooth is moving under the effect of orthodontic force, various changes occur in the periodontium under the effect of force. So, it is important that the orthodontic treatment is periodontally compromised patient be considered separately as they are more prone to further bone loss; the reduced periodontium cannot sustain further loss without the potential loss of teeth. The reduced periodontal support dictates altered treatment design, mechanics and retention. At the same time it is important to consider the limits of periodontium while carrying out orthodontic treatment so that there is no damage due to inadvertent intervention.