Reaching a well-adjusted population distribution is a major challenge for urban settlements. Various research works have been focusing on evaluating the demographic balance of urban systems worldwide. Regularities in population distribution among urban settlements have been noticed and confirmed by empirical studies in the contemporary era. These studies assert that both rank of a city in the demographic hierarchy and its population size are proportionally correlated in a balanced urban system. It has been proved that this correlation is established according to mathematical theories that have been scientifically identified and proved through in-depth research. This article aims to check the conformity of the population distribution of the Makkah Province to two main demographic, organisational theories. In this article, there will be an attempt to measure the variations, evaluate and assess the deviations, interpret the result thereof, and then compare the outcomes of the two methods applied on the Makkah Province.

The architecture of Masjids has spread in areas with harsh climates and natural conditions. In previous decades, the Masjid's design was a large flat area with an inner courtyard in the middle. This architectural design of the Masjid was appropriate to the nature of the hot climate. Recently, the design of Masjids became closed and flat areas that lack ventilation and good lighting. The research paper is based on an analytical descriptive study to determine the importance of internal courtyards in historical Masjids in Egypt and the elements that affect the significance of the courtyard in contemporary Masjids. The results show the importance of using the inner courtyard when designing a modern Masjid, which achieves many positive results, regarding the climatic and social aspects, by increasing the thermal and psychological comfort of the prayers.

The sea-level rise SRL as a problem exacerbated by climate change, is the biggest disaster for coastal cities, especially for the low elevation areas, which will have a calamitous influence on, infrastructure systems destruction and the economy as well. The predicated SRL- is changeable every day, therefore exposures studies are essential to prepare the database for achieving the coastal cities’ resiliency, mapping the predicate vulnerability level, indicating all challenges related to the climate changes and sea rise level, and identifying plans for adaptation measures in the context of infrastructure systems. The purpose of the research is to focus on using a “Flood Map “and remote sensing on “Alexandria city – Egypt “which has high economic value. The study is based on making maps overlapping (topographical map, land use, and expected SRL in 2100) to measure and provide precise data for the prone zone and safe zone for city extension, by specifying many scenarios and plans that can achieve future city resilience by creating an end-map user.to address the right direction of city expansion. Finally, the study has shown that a flood map is very helpful and it could be used aligned with a full existence and clarity of all-natural and built environment information.