For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov/.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Kohn, M.S., Stevens, M.R., Harden, T.M., Godaire, J.E., Klinger, R.E., and Mommandi, Amanullah, 2016, Paleoflood investigations to improve peak-streamflow regional-regression equations for natural streamflow in eastern Colorado, 2015: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5099, 58 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165099. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to recognize Robert Jarrett, formerly of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), who was instrumental in helping develop the concept for this study and a plan to execute it. Julie Kiang of the USGS offered invaluable technical assistance during the undertaking of the study. Graph showing relation between 1-percent annual exceedance-probability discharges computed from the peak-streamflow regional-regression equations in the Foothills and Plains hydrologic regions of Colorado and the 1-percent annual exceedance-probability discharges computed from the peak-streamflow regional-regression equations in Capesius and Stephens (2009) Conversion FactorsInch/Pound to International System of Units Elevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.Water year in this report is defined as the period from October 1st of one year through September 30th of the following year and is named for the year of the ending date. equations and when eastern Colorado was divided into two separate hydrologic regions. To make further reductions in the uncertainties of the peak-streamflow regional-regression equations in the Foothills and Plains hydrologic regions, additional streamgages or crest-stage gages are needed to collect peakstreamflow data on natural streams in eastern Colorado. Generalized-Least Squares regression was used to compute the final peak-streamflow regional-regression equations for peakstreamflow. Dividing eastern Colorado into two new individual regions at -104° longitude resulted in peak-streamflow regionalregression equations with the smallest SEP. The new hydrologic region located between -104° longitude and the Kansas-Nebraska State line will be designated the Plains hydrologic region and the hydrologic region comprising the rest of eastern Colorado located west of the -104° longitude and east of the Rocky Mountains and below 7,500 feet in the South Platte River Basin and below 9,000 feet in the Arkan...

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In order to provide a centralized repository of flood information for the State of Colorado, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation, created a Web-based geodatabase for flood information from water years 1867 through 2011 and data for paleofloods occurring in the past 5,000 to 10,000 years. The geodatabase was created using the Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcGIS JavaScript Application Programing Interface 3.2. The database can be accessed at http://cwscpublic2.cr.usgs.gov/projects/coflood/COFloodMap.html. Data on 6,767 flood events at 1,597 individual sites throughout Colorado were compiled to generate the flood database. The data sources of flood information are indirect discharge measurements that were stored in U.S. Geological Survey offices (water years 1867-2011), flood data from indirect discharge measurements referenced in U.S. Geological Survey reports (water years 1884-2011), paleoflood studies from six peer-reviewed journal articles (data on events occurring in the past 5,000 to 10,000 years), and the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System peak-discharge database (water years 1883-2010). A number of tests were performed on the flood database to ensure the quality of the data. The Web interface was programmed using the Environmental Systems Research Institute ArcGIS JavaScript Application Programing Interface 3.2, which allows for display, query, georeference, and export of the data in the flood database. The data fields in the flood database used to search and filter the database include hydrologic unit code, U.S. Geological Survey station number, site name, county, drainage area, elevation, data source, date of flood, peak discharge, and field method used to determine discharge. Additional data fields can be viewed and exported, but the data fields described above are the only ones that can be used for queries.

For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Kohn, M.S., Stevens, M.R., Mommandi, Amanullah, and Khan, A.R., 2017, Peak discharge, flood frequency, and peak stage of floods on Big Cottonwood Creek at U.S. Highway 50 near Coaldale, Colorado, and Fountain Creek below U.S. Highway 24 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5107, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175107. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank Mark Smith and Zachary Martin of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for their constructive comments as technical reviewers. The authors would also like to thank William Payne, Krystal Brown, Erica Rau, and Ivan Valles of the USGS for their contributions during the field data collection.Tony Anderson of the National Weather Service provided assistance identifying and compiling precipitation data that enriched the content of this report. Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). ContentsElevation, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.Water year in this report is defined as the 12-month period from October 1 through September 30 and is designated by the year in which it ends. Abbreviations AbstractThe U.S.