Preterm neonates are susceptible to complications, including necrotizing enterocolitis, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Probiotics are live microorganisms, that when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. Current evidence suggests that probiotics are effective in decreasing the incidence of NEC in preterm infants. Nondigestible oligosaccharides 'prebiotics' have a positive impact on the micro biota and represent another potential preventative therapy. The combination of probiotics and prebiotics is known as Synbiotics. Probiotics have numerous health benefits, and immune modulation and micro biota restoration are among the basic mechanisms leading to these benefits. Despite the widespread administration of probiotics to preterms in many countries, its adoption as a protocol in North America has been limited. The aim of this article is to review the current evidence and to update health care professionals on the use of probiotics and synbiotics in improving intestinal health, and in preventing NEC in preterm infants.

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Implementing a reform in medical education requires students’ awareness regarding the importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern medical practice. The objective of this study was to investigate students’ perceptions of AI in medical education. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June 2021 to November 2021 using an online questionnaire to collect data from medical students in the Faculty of Medicine at Kuwait University, Kuwait. The response rate for the survey was 51%, with a sample size of 352. Most students (349 (99.1%)) agreed that AI would play an important role in healthcare. More than half of the students (213 (60.5%)) understood the basic principles of AI, and (329 (93.4%)) students showed comfort with AI terminology. Many students (329 (83.5%)) believed that learning about AI would benefit their careers, and (289 (82.1%)) believed that medical students should receive AI teaching or training. The study revealed that most students had positive perceptions of AI. Undoubtedly, the role of AI in the future of medicine will be significant, and AI-based medical practice is required. There was a strong consensus that AI will not replace doctors but will drastically transform healthcare practices.