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Both s-polarized and p-polarized phase resonances in one-dimensionally compound transmission gratings are analyzed, modeled, and measured. We demonstrate that s-polarized phase resonances occur with similar characteristics of p-polarized phase resonances, with narrow bandwidths, high Q values, and highly amplified fields. The phase difference of π radian between the fields in the coupled cavities produces light circulation and an inversion of the transmissivity/opacity of the structure. The dependencies of bandwidth and wavelength of the resonances on structural and material properties are described, as well as the way light flows in the structure when the phase resonances are excited.

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We report highly ordered macroporous silicon (Si)-based photovoltaic characteristics using indium tin oxide (ITO)/n-Si and pn-Si junction-based devices. The detailed fabrication processes including new controlled ITO etching are presented. Theoretical device simulations are performed to understand the presented device structures and propose an optimum device design based on processing limitations. The performance of ITO/n-Si junction devices directly depends on the conformal ITO coating along the pore surface. While pn-Si junction device requires additional doping step, the device can overcome the limitation of ITO conformal coating, especially for a device with high-aspect-ratio macropore structures. Experimental results also support the simulation analysis. The three-dimensional structural properties of well-defined macroporous Si coupled with the formation of photovoltaic devices are attractive for multi-functional applications.